南海大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼生物学特性及其分布

利用2010年3月—2013年2月南海金枪鱼延绳钓探捕与渔业生产监测取得的生物学数据和生产数据,对南海的大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)和黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacres)的生物学特性和渔场分布进行了研究。结果表明:(1)南海大眼金枪鱼叉长范围50—169cm,平均为111.8cm,体重范围2.45—87kg,平均为33.2kg,叉长(FL)体重(W)关系:W=1.74×10–5FL3.01,性腺成熟度Ⅱ期居多,占总尾数的45.27%。绝对怀卵量109.46—456.95万粒,摄食强度以0—2级为主。大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔场春夏季分布于南沙西北部和南沙中西部海域;秋冬季分布于西、中沙和南沙西北部海域。渔获水深90%集中在150—400m。(2)南海黄鳍金枪鱼叉长范围41—180cm,平均为107.9cm,体重范围1.2—77.5kg,平均为27.9kg,叉长体重关系:W=2.19×10–5FL2.94,性腺成熟度以Ⅱ—Ⅳ期居多,占总尾数的89.01%,绝对怀卵量15—154万粒,摄食强度以1—2级为主。黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔场春夏季分布于南沙西北部和南沙中西部海域;秋冬季分布于西、中沙、南沙西北部、南沙中西部海域。渔获水深93.75%集中在50—350m。西沙西部和南沙西北部海域是灯光围网和灯光罩网捕捞金枪鱼的重要渔场。研究认为:(1)在南海可发展小型冷海水延绳钓船,在每年10月末—次年5月初在西沙东北海域开展浅水延绳钓作业;(2)在南海的岛礁附近设置PAYAO群,开展金枪鱼灯光罩网或围网捕捞。(3)目前取得的资料仍然有限,未来仍需进一步调查,以掌握南海金枪鱼种群动态,为渔业开发和养护提供建议。     

南大西洋沉积物中多环芳香化合物的组成特征研究

10 samples of sediments obtained from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge were measured for the abundances and distributions of polycyclic aromatic compounds(PAHs). The total concentrations of PAHs(∑PAHs) ranged from 2.768 to 9.826 μg/g dry sediment. The ∑PAHs was higher in sample 22V-TVG10 and sample 26V-TVG05 which were close to hydrothermal fields, with the lowest value in sample 22V-TVG14 which was farthest from hydrothermal fields, suggesting a probable hydrothermal origin of ∑PAHs of samples. Approximately nine kinds of PAHs were identified, and low molecular mass tricyclic and tetracyclic aromatic compounds were predominant in the samples. The concentrations of fluoranthene which were typical as hydrothermal alteration compounds were the highest among PAHs with dry weight between 0.913–3.157 μg/g. The phenanthrene homologue was most abundant in the samples, and the ratios between parent phenanthrene and methylphenanthrene which probably reflected the degree of hydrothermal alteration ranged from 0.097 to 1.602. The sample 22V-TVG10 possessing a maximum ratio value showed the intense influence of the hydrothermal alteration on this sample, which might further imply that PAHs in sediments were mainly derived from the hydrothermal alteration.     

Numerical analysis and centrifuge modeling of shallow foundations

The influence of non-coaxial constitutive model on predictions of dense sand behavior is investigated in this paper. The non-coaxial model with strain softening plasticity is applied into finite-element program ABAQUS, which is first used to predict the stress-strain behavior and the non-coaxial characteristic between the orientations of the principal stress and principal plastic strain rate in simple shear tests. The model is also used to predict load settlement responses and bearing capacity factors of shallow foundations. A series of centrifuge tests for shallow foundations on saturated dense sand are performed under drained conditions and the test results are compared with the corresponding numerical results. Various footing dimensions, depths of embedment, and footing shapes are considered in these tests. In view of the load settlement relationships, the stiffness of the load-displacement curves is significantly affected by the non-coaxial model compared with those predicted by the coaxial model, and a lower value of non-coaxial modulus gives a softer response. Considering the soil behavior at failure, the coaxial model predictions of bearing capacity factors are more advanced than those of centrifuge test results and the non-coaxial model results;besides, the non-coaxial model gives better predictions. The non-coaxial model predictions are closer to those of the centrifuge results when a proper non-coaxial plastic modulus is chosen.     

遮蔽物对棘皮动物影响的行为生态学研究进展

棘皮动物作为海洋底层生物,对海洋生态系统的结构和功能具有重要作用,特别是目前海参在海水养殖业中的重要地位,其生态习性及行为生态学特性的研究日益受到关注。本文综述了国内外海洋棘皮动物行为生态学研究现状,着重介绍了遮蔽物对棘皮动物聚集等行为特性的影响、作用机制及外界环境因素对聚集效果影响等内容,并进一步探讨了不同生境下棘皮动物行为特性的差异。在此基础上,结合海参养殖现状,提出了不同环境因子下的棘皮动物运动节律、作用机制及其行为生态学理论在生产实践中的应用等棘皮动物行为生态学研究新方向。     

全球降水观测计划多卫星联合反演降水产品的极端降水监测潜力研究

基于全国自动站与CMORPH融合降水数据集,综合评估全球降水计划（GPM）下的IMERG与GSMaP的4套纯卫星降水数据,从极端降水指标、极端降水事件探测能力、对于不同历时的极端降水事件精度评估3个方面研究纯卫星降水产品监测极端降水的能力。依据极端降水的阈值将研究区分为3个区域进行研究,结果表明：（1）在RX1指标中,IMERG、GSMaP数据均在受季风影响的复杂地形区域呈现出明显的高估状态,在其余地区存在不同程度的低估现象;在R95pTOT指标中,卫星数据均表现较好,与地面参考数据具有较高的相关性。（2）在极端降水事件探测方面,4套纯卫星产品在东北地区的表现均优于其他区域;GSMaP表现优于IMERG数据,具有较低的误报率,但对极端降水的反演精度较低。（3）在不同历时的极端降水事件精度评估中,IMERG、GSMaP卫星降水产品在历时较长的极端降水事件中的表现较好,具有更高的精度;对于极端日降水事件,卫星降水产品在高雨强下的误差显著性十分明显,远远高于复杂地形对卫星降水反演精度的影响,导致卫星降水在复杂地形区域（Ⅲ区）的表现优于其他区域。总体上,IMERG产品在研究区对极端降水的监测能力优于GSMaP产品,其中又以IMERG_Late表现最佳;4套卫星降水产品均能表现出研究区的极端降水区域特征,但在研究区大部分区域呈现出低估状态,卫星降水产品对于雨强的误差订正仍是未来极端降水反演的重点与难点之一。     

延庆规划新城软弱粘性土工程特性研究

延庆规划新城存在大面积的软弱粘性土,严重影响了新城土地工程能力。本文主要针对新城地层结构及沉积演化特点,对软弱粘性土的物质成分、微结构特征以及土的物理力学参数等进行了分析,研究了该地区软弱粘性土各项参数之间的相关性,建立了多组参数间的线性回归方程,为日后规划新城大规模的建设,提供了工程地质参考和依据。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000395

The study of fluid inclusions in high-grade rocks is especially challenging as the host minerals have been normally subjected to deformation, recrystallization and fluid-rock interaction so that primary in- clusions, formed at the peak of metamorphism are rare. The larger part of the fluid inclusions found in metamorphic minerals is typically modified during uplift. These late processes may strongly disguise the characteristics of the ＂original＂ peak metamorphic fluid. A detailed microstructural analysis of the host minerals, notably quartz, is therefore indispensable for a proper interpretation of fluid inclusions. Cathodoluminescence （CL） techniques combined with trace element analysis of quartz （EPMA, LA- [CPMS） have shown to be very helpful in deciphering the rock-fluid evolution. Whereas high-grade metamorphic quartz may have relatively high contents of trace elements like Ti and A1, low- temperature re-equilibrated quartz typically shows reduced trace element concentrations. The result- ing microstructures in CL can be basically distinguished in diffusion patterns （along microfractures and grain boundaries）, and secondary quartz formed by dissolution-reprecipitation. Most of these textures are formed during retrograde fluid-controlled processes between ca. 220 and 500 ℃, i.e. the range of semi-brittle deformation （greenschist-facies） and can be correlated with the fluid inclusions. In this way modified and re-trapped fluids can be identified, even when there are no optical features observed under the microscope.     

三轴应力状态下盐岩强度分析探讨

通过分析盐岩在三轴应力状态下的变形,说明了较高围压下盐岩的大变形特性,提出了三轴应力状态下,利用轴向荷载除以试件初始横截面面积得到应力-应变关系存在的问题,据此对工程应变和对数应变进行了分析和对比,阐明了这两种应变的适用条件,并开展了不同围压下的试验测试和对试验结果对比分析。研究揭示了应利用对数应变分析盐岩的大变形特性和对变形后的应力进行修正,得到了盐岩的工程应变和对数应变均可表示为围压的线性函数,围压为20 MPa时的轴向压缩变形量是5 MPa时的3.09倍。围压越高,对数应变修正得到的最大轴向应力与不修正的差值越大,用对数应变修正后的轴向应力低于不修正的结果,围压达到20 MPa时,前者仅为后者的63.85%。     

低频循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变的Burgers模型分析

为了研究盐岩在低频循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性,采用恒轴压、循环围压的应力加载方式对盐岩开展了低频循环荷载蠕变试验。试验结果显示,当蠕变时间较短时,盐岩轴向蠕变曲线近似为平滑曲线,波动性不大;当时间增加到一定程度以后,盐岩变形随围压变化而发生明显的波动。总体来看,循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变曲线与Burgers模型蠕变曲线较为相似。将Burgers模型分解为Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型,忽略材料的疲劳效应,分别推导了恒轴压、循环围压应力加载方式下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程,分析了荷载循环周期对模型蠕变性的影响规律;将循环荷载下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程进行叠加,得到了循环荷载下Burgers模型的轴向蠕变方程,并利用盐岩蠕变试验结果对其合理性进行了验证。结果表明:拟合曲线和试验曲线吻合良好,该模型能够较好地反映盐岩在循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性和荷载变化对盐岩蠕变性的重要影响,特别是能够反映出不同荷载循环周期下盐岩变形随荷载变化而发生的明显的波动现象。