江汉平原富硒冷浸田的利用模式

江汉平原是中国四大粮仓之一,拥有约69万公顷富硒土壤,大部分为冷浸田,如何利用富硒冷浸田种植富硒水稻是当前亟需研究解决的重大实际问题.以排水整改、强化施硒肥和排水整改后施硒肥3种模式开展了江汉平原富硒冷浸田的大田种植实验.结果表明,在排水整改模式下,排水降低了冷浸田地下水位,提升了土壤的通气性和氧化还原电位,加快了土壤中有机结合态硒向可利用态硒转化,使得土壤可利用态硒比整改前提高25.0%;促进了水稻对硒的吸收,使得水稻根系和籽实中硒含量比整改前分别增加20.6%和8.3%,仅茎干中硒含量无明显变化.在强化施硒肥模式下,每亩施加80 kg硒肥后土壤可利用态硒比施肥前提高41.7%;极大地促进了水稻对硒的吸收,使得水稻根系、茎秆、籽实中硒含量比施肥前分别提升79.4%、37.1%、25.0%.在冷浸田排水整改后每亩施加80 kg硒肥模式下,土壤可利用态硒含量和水稻根系、茎干、籽实中硒含量分别增加50.0%和41.8%、46.1%、47.9%.总之,上述3种利用模式均可提高土壤可利用态硒含量,有利于水稻对土壤硒的吸收,能够显著提高水稻籽实中硒含量;冷浸田排水整改后强化施硒肥利用模式效果最佳.      

基于多时相多极化差值图的稻田识别研究

提出了一种基于多时相多极化差值图的稻田识别方法,该方法在简化稻田识别算法的同时,仍具有较好的稻田识别精度.以江西省高安地区的早稻识别为例,利用两景ENVISA ASAR交叉极化模式数据(VV/HH)计算了同时相多极化差值图和同极化多时相差值图.由于稻田含有水层和水稻的垂直株型等属性特征,稻田在两时相上VV极化和HH极化后向散射差异都很大,且与其他地物具有明显差别,因此利用同时相多极化差值图可以很好地分辨出稻田来;从时间变化看,HH极化雷达波对水稻生长和稻田的变化比对其他地物的变化更敏感,使稻田分布信息在HH极化多时相差值图中反应突出.而VV极化对地物的时相变化不够敏感.因此,建立最优差值图组合,分别采用阈值分类方法和监督分类方法对差值图组合进行分类提取稻田.通过比较分类结果,认为基于统计分析的监督分类方法更好,其稻田识别的精度达到84.92%.文章最后对提出的稻田识别方法及分类结果进行了分析.     

气候变暖对我国南方水稻可种植区的影响

利用我国南方稻区214站1961—2009年逐日气象资料,研究气候变化对南方水稻可种植区的影响。研究结果显示：气候变暖使南方稻区活动积温（日平均气温≥10℃）明显增加,49年增加了324.4℃?d。同时水稻生长季长度也明显延长,49年延长了17.9 d。双季稻可种植区北界明显北移,三季稻可种植区北界略有北移,20世纪60—80年代,双季稻可种植区仅限于长江以南地区,但21世纪初以来的10年双季稻可种植区北界移到长江以北,即向北推移近300 km,从而使新增双季稻可种植区扩展到四川东北部、贵州东部、重庆、湖北大部、安徽中部以及江苏南部。     

中国四大名玉之一——绿松石

绿松石,又名绿宝石、松石,是世界稀有的高档玉石,因其形态万千,色泽艳丽柔和,石质坚硬细腻、光泽温润而闻名,自古便与“和田玉”、“独山玉”、“岫玉”一起,彼并称为“中国四大名玉”。     

Agrobiodiversity of Muda Rice Agroecosystem:A case Study in Largest Granary Area of Malaysia

A survey was carried out at the largest rice cultivation area in Peninsular Malaysia,the Muda rice agroecosystem.The main objective of this study was to document the overall biodiversity associated with this unique agroecosystem by using a combination of sampling techniques in order to record different groups of fauna and flora.The total number of biota recorded and identified from the rice field ecosystem during the study period consisted of 46 species of zooplankton,81 species of aquatic insects,5 species of rodents,7 species of bats,87 species of birds,11 species of fishes and 58 species of weeds.A long-term study should be carried out as more species are expected to be recorded when more of the Muda rice agroecosystem area has been sampled to obtain sufficient information on the Muda rice agrobiodiversity.     

中亚热带红土与水稻土铁锰结核理化特性与形成环境对比

通过中亚热带第四纪红土和金衢盆地现代水稻土中铁锰结核的理化特征对比发现,水稻土铁锰结核的外部特征、内部结构以及化学组成与第四纪红土中的结核既具有一定的相似性又存在着明显差别.第四纪红土中的结核与水稻土中的结核都是在于湿交替的环境中发育形成的.水稻土中结核的形成是水稻生长期的渍水、还原作用和收获后的控水、弱氧化作用交替进行的结果,形成时间短暂,环境较为稳定;第四纪红土结核的形成是气候环境周期性干湿变化的结果,结核淀积时段气候干热,氧化作用强烈,反映第四纪红土形成环境的不稳定性.     

中国南方调整水稻种植格局——一种水稻生产预先适应气候变化的选择(英文)

Rice planted in southern China accounts for 94% of the total in sown acreage and 88% of the total in production, which matters a lot to Chinese food security. However, due to the prolonged conflict between water availability and rice growth in spatial/temporal distribu-tion, rice production suffers from seasonal drought at acreage of 16%-22%, which compro-mises food production capacity and food security. Focusing on the spatial distribution of seasonal drought with rice and the practices to adapt to it, and based on an analysis of bal-anced water supply for and demand by rice at a growing season scale during 1981-2030, this paper assesses the changing seasonal drought in the process of rice production under the changing climate in the future, and identifies general rice re-cultivation options for climate change adaptation. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) Rice suggests a decline in seasonal drought, with early season rice (early rice hereafter) by 12,500 km2, middle season rice (middle rice) by 80,000 km2, and in particular late season rice (late rice) by 25,000 km2, which accounts for almost 20% of its cultivated acreage. It is indicated that due to climate change, seasonal drought in major rice producing areas tends to alleviate in general, late season rice in particular. (2) Future climate change brings about a significant impact on the spatial/temporal distribution of water resources in rice producing areas in China. Based on ’pre-designed’ adaptation actions for rice-re-cultivation, the rice cultivation pattern undergoes a significant alteration between 1981-2000 and 2001-2030. In eastern Guizhou and western Hunan, the pattern of single early plus single dry farming is changed into double cropping. In eastern Hunan, the pattern of dry cropping is changed into single early plus single dry farming. In northern Anhui, the pattern of dry farming cropping is changed into middle rice. All this is aimed at a potential adequate availability of water for rice production in the future. (3) Rice re-cultivation patterns developed in this paper help re-balance water demand and supply for rice growth using the spatial analysis tool to adapt rice growth to the changing water avail-ability from spatial perspective, and come up with rice producer-friendly re-cultivation options in response to climate change.     

Change analysis of rice area and production in China during the past three decades

Rice＇s spatial-temporal distributions, which are critical for agricultural, environ- mental and food security research, are affected by natural conditions as well as socio-eco- nomic developments. Based on multi-source data, an effective model named the Spatial Production Allocation Model （SPAM） which integrates arable land distribution, administrative unit statistics of crop data, agricultural irrigation data and crop suitability data, was used to get a series of spatial distributions of rice area and production with 10-km pixels at a national scale -it was applied from the early 1980s onwards and used to analyze the pattern of spatial and temporal changes. The results show that significant changes occurred in rice in China during 1980-2010. Overall, more than 50% of the rice area decreased, while nearly 70% of rice production increased in the change region during 1980-2010. Spatially, most of the increased area and production were in Northeast China, especially, in Jilin and Heilongjiang; most of the decreased area and production were located in Southeast China, especially, in regions of rapidly urbanization in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang. Thus, the centroid of rice area was moved northeast approximately 230 km since 1980, and rice production about 320 km, which means rice production moved northeastward faster than rice area because of the significant rice yield increase in Northeast China. The results also show that rice area change had a decisive impact on rice production change. About 54.5% of the increase in rice pro- duction is due to the expansion of sown area, while around 83.2% of the decrease in rice production is due to contraction of rice area. This implies that rice production increase may be due to area expansion and other non-area factors, but reduced rice production could largely be attributed to rice area decrease.     

镉米之痛

正"民以食为天,国以粮为本。"我国有7000年有水稻种植历史,是世界上水稻品种最早有文字记录的国家。在我国南方,大米一直是长江流域及其以南地区人民的主粮。然而,就是这种每天饭桌必不可少的主食,最近却被曝出安全隐忧,被推到舆论的风头浪尖。5月16日,广州市食品药品监管