1998年夏季两例青藏高原低涡结构特征的比较

利用1998年Micaps历史天气图、1998年第二次青藏高原科学试验资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°分辨率的再分析资料,对该年夏季两例移出与未移出高原的低涡活动过程及特征进行了对比分析,结果表明,移出与未移出高原低涡的低涡结构特征差异显著:(1)移出高原低涡,低涡环流呈圆形,厚度有3000 m左右,降水区呈环状分布;未移出高原低涡,低涡环流呈椭圆形,厚度为1500 m左右,降水区在低涡的南、西南方。(2)移出高原低涡,低涡区内绝大部分为上升运动区,并且强度在加强、区域扩大;未移出低涡,涡区内上升运动在减弱,上升运动区在缩小。(3)移出高原低涡,涡区内斜压性强,比未移出的大近一倍。(4)移出高原低涡,涡区内500 hPa有高位涡沿东北方向向上输送位涡平流,未移出高原低涡的有次高位涡沿东南方向向下输送位涡平流。(5)移出高原低涡是下层‘正涡度、暖区’、上层‘负涡度、冷区’;未移出高原低涡是下层‘正涡度、冷区’、中层‘负涡度、弱暖区’、上层‘正涡度、冷区’。     

2008年初湖北省低温雨雪冰冻天气温度平流配置分析

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,对2008年1月11日-2月1日湖北省低温雨雪冰冻过程进行温度平流空间分布诊断分析。结果表明：低温雨雪冰冻期间,湖北省近地层不断有弱冷空气补充和渗透;中层暖平流、低层冷垫和南方沿冷垫向上爬升的暖空气是湖北省降雪最基本的条件,而湖北省东部出现强降雪的另一个更重要的原因就是低层偏东回流带来的暖平流;当冷空气充斥湖北省上空整层大气时,则预示雨雪将减弱停止。     

GTS的温盐资料在BCC_GODAS中的同化结果分析

分析了从GTS(全球无线通讯系统)获得的2002-2007年海洋温盐观测资料在国家气候中心第2代全球海洋资料同化系统(BCC_GODAS 2.0)中的同化结果。与SODA(简易海洋同化数据)资料的比较表明:GTS中的海洋温盐资料同化对模式温盐场的改进之处主要表现在混合层暖区的范围和中心强度、温跃层中温度槽脊的深度、温跃层附近的温度梯度以及盐度高、低值区的范围和中心强度等方面,同化后全球温盐场的均方根误差得到一定程度的降低。挑选位于不同海区的单点温盐廓线与ARGO(地转海洋学实时观测阵)观测作了进一步比较,结果表明:大多数情况下,同化后温盐廓线的均方根误差得到明显降低,模拟的温盐垂向分布特征也更为准确。与TAO(热带大气海洋观测网)资料的比较也同样表明:同化后的温盐场特征会得到一定程度改善。     

气候场重建方法的比较——以欧洲为例

<正>1两种气候场重建方法的历史回顾温度变幅对更好地了解过去温度的演变和变化至关重要。基于古气候资料重建过去温度的变化能够深刻阐释气候的强迫作用。现有的多数重建研究均把欧洲到全球尺度的20世纪变暖置于宽泛的历史长河     

春季大风的预报和分析

用地面观测日平均气压差与气温日较差统计分析,寻找5月份≥5级大风的气压与温度变化的关系,用统计数据制作点聚图,发现了大风在点聚图上的集中落区;制作了曲线图;用历年4月下旬平均最高、平均最低气温,寻找冷暖气团春季进退早晚与5月大风多少的关系。经统计发现,在5月份出现≥5级大风起报日的温度日较差临界值,即在日平均气压差(Δp24)与气温日较差(Tm-Td)的曲线图模型上,是该报大风,日较差必须在13.5℃或以上,锁定了模式出现后是否有大风的第一关,起报日当天升温值必须≥5℃,这是该模型是有大风的第二关。大风模型和数据相互关联制动,有效的提高了预报大风的可信度。     

GRAPES区域模式水汽平流方案的比较与改进

与欧拉显式时间差分方法相比,GRAPES区域模式采用半隐半拉格朗日时间差分方案可增加时间步长且不影响稳定性,而且模式积分可有较高的计算效率和准确性。半拉格朗日法需要用到内插算法来预测下一时刻的值,对于水汽场的内插值来说,常常会造成预报值的过饱和或者是负值,需要进行特殊处理。比较GRAPES模式的准单调半拉格朗日方案(QMSL)和高精度正定保形方案(PRM),分析模式的降水预报、形势预报,同时初步总结了两方案的优缺点。在参考LCSL(Linear Constraint Semi-Lagarangain)方案的基础上,改进QMSL方案,通过连续试验运行,表明新方案基本稳定可靠,对于降水预报、形势预报有一定的改进,在台风预报试验中也有良好的表现。     

浅析地方气象在民航系统中的应用

1机场气象服务内容 1.1机场气象观测 每天第一个航班起飞前2.5小时发布第一份实况整点报（METAR）,报文内容包含风、能见度、天气现象、云状、云高、气温、露点温度和修正海压。之后每整点发布一次,直至所有航班结束。整点之间如有特殊天气,需随时发布特选报（SPECI）。与之相反,如果天气转好需发解除特选报（SPECI）,直至当天所有航班结束。     

Consistency Problem with Tracer Advection in the Atmospheric Model GAMIL

The radon transport test, which is a widely used test case for atmospheric transport models, is carried out to evaluate the tracer advection schemes in the Grid-Point Atmospheric Model of IAP-LASG （GAMIL）. Two of the three available schemes in the model are found to be associated with significant biases in the polar regions and in the upper part of the atmosphere, which implies potentially large errors in the simulation of ozone-like tracers. Theoretical analyses show that inconsistency exists between the advection schemes and the discrete continuity equation in the dynamical core of GAMIL and consequently leads to spurious sources and sinks in the tracer transport equation. The impact of this type of inconsistency is demonstrated by idealized tests and identified as the cause of the aforementioned biases. Other potential effects of this inconsistency are also discussed. Results of this study provide some hints for choosing suitable advection schemes in the GAMIL model. At least for the polax-region-concentrated atmospheric components and the closely correlated chemical species, the Flux-Form Semi-Lagrangian advection scheme produces more reasonable simulations of the large-scale transport processes without significantly increasing the computational expense.     

Trends in graded precipitation in China from 1961 to 2000

Daily precipitation rates observed at 576 stations in China from 1961 to 2000 were classified into six grades of intensity, including trace （no amount）, slight （≤ 1 mm d^-1）, small, large, heavy, and very heavy. The last four grades together constitute the so called effective precipitation （〉 1 mm d^-1）. The spatial distribution and temporal trend of the graded precipitation days are examined. A decreasing trend in trace precipitation days is observed for the whole of China, except at several sites in the south of the middle section of the Yangtze River, while a decreasing trend in slight precipitation days only appears in eastern China. The decreasing trend and interannual variability of trace precipitation days is consistent with the warming trend and corresponding temperature variability in China for the same period, indicating a possible role played by increased surface air temperature in cloud formation processes. For the effective precipitation days, a decreasing trend is observed along the Yellow River valley and for the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Southwest China, while an increasing trend is found for Xinjiang, the eastern Tibetan Plateau, Northeast China and Southeast China. The decreasing trend of effective precipitation days for the middle- lower Yellow River valley and the increasing trend for the lower Yangtze River valley are most likely linked to anomalous monsoon circulation in East China. The most important contributor to the trend in effective precipitation depends upon the region concerned.     

Warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean associated with the El Niño event

This paper investigates possible warming effects of an E1 Nifio event on the sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Most pure positive Indian Ocean dipole （IOD） events （without an E1 Nifio event co-occurring） have a maximum positive SSTA mainly in the central Indian Ocean south of the equator, while most co-occurrences with an E1 Nifio event exhibit a northwest-southeast typical dipole mode. It is therefore inferred that warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean is closely related to the E1 Nifio event. Based on the atmospheric bridge theory, warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean during co-occurring cases may be primarily caused by relatively less latent heat loss from the ocean due to reduced wind speed. The deepened thermocline also contributes to the warming along the east coast of Africa through the suppressed upwelling of the cold water. Therefore, the E1 Nifio event is suggested to have a modulating effect on the structure of the dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean.