我国海岸侵蚀灾害的适应性管理研究

在全球气候变化下,海平面上升、台风和风暴潮频率增加以及强度增大等问题致使世界沿海地区海岸侵蚀加剧,我国的海岸人口、资源与环境亦面临严峻挑战。文章应用适应性和适应性管理理论,通过分析中国海岸侵蚀的影响因素、时空演变和侵蚀机制的复杂性和不确定性,由此研究海岸侵蚀的适应性类型,尝试提出"现场观测—数据库建立—综合评价—概念模型—措施制定"的海岸侵蚀灾害适应性管理模式流程,并探讨了4点具体管理措施:1完善海岸侵蚀基础信息数据库,建立侵蚀海岸监测预报预警系统;2实施相关部门会商制度;3评估和正确引导海岸人类活动;4构建公共参与长效机制。     

Temporal and spatial variations in the distribution of macroalgal communities along the Yantai coast,China

To explore the impact of environmental variables on macroalgal communities, their temporal and spatial distributions were examined along the Yantai coast, China between April 2010 and March 2011. Macroalgae sampling was conducted monthly at four sites along the coast： Jiahe River estuary, Zhifu Island, Fisherman＇s Wharf, and Yangma Island. The species composition and abundance, and their relationship with environmental variables were assessed. Along the Yantai coast, 35 macroalgae species were identified, including 24 Rhodophyta spp., 7 Chlorophyta, and 4 Phaeophyta spp. Highest species numbers were recorded in the summer at all sampling sites, except in the Jiahe River estuary. Macroalgae biomass was the greatest in the summer. Year-round, the highest species number and dry biomass recorded at Fisherman＇s Wharf and Yangma Island was attributed to the substrate type. In summer, Ulva pertusa Kjellman was the dominant species identified along the Yantai coast, which indicates a risk ofmacroalgae blooms. Our results show that seawater temperature and nutrients appear to significantly affect the temporal and spatial patterns of macroalgal abundance along the Yantai coast. The effects of environmental variables on the macroalgae on the Yantai coast need further study.     

广东深圳大鹏半岛海岸地貌特征

大鹏半岛位于广东省深圳市东部,海岸地貌类型多样,可分为基岩海岸、堆积海岸和生物海岸3大类型。文章根据野外调查和室内实验分析的结果论述了大鹏半岛海岸地貌类型、分布和成因,并在前人的研究基础上讨论了大鹏半岛海岸地貌演化过程：由于大鹏半岛处在构造隆升区,海岸类型以基岩海岸为主。多处基岩海岸保留了完好的海蚀崖、海蚀平台、海蚀槽穴、海蚀柱等各类典型的海蚀地貌。该半岛的堆积海岸主要发育于岩石岬角间的海湾内,在有河流流入的海湾处形成岬湾沙坝―澙湖海岸,在无河流的海岸处则形成湾顶海滩。半岛中段狭窄的呈哑铃状腰部的东岸,因深入内凹、波浪减弱,有淤泥质海岸发育;红树林发育于淤泥质海岸以及各澙湖内,而半岛周边浅海区有珊瑚群落生长。大鹏半岛以及邻近地区海岸地貌特征和海岸沉积物年代数据显示：1）地质构造与海平面升降是塑造该半岛海岸地貌的主要因素;2）该半岛的海岸地貌是在中全新世早期以后才开始发育的;3）该半岛全新世以来不存在强烈的地壳抬升;4）该半岛海岸中全新世出现过高于现代海平面的高海面。     

Temporal and spatial evolution of coastline and subaqueous geomorphology in muddy coast of the Yellow River Delta

Based on measured data of coastline and bathometry, processed by softwares of Surfer and Mapinfo, and combined with sediment loads in different phases at Lijin gauging station, temporal and spatial evolution of coastline and subaqueous geomorphology in muddy coast of the Yellow River Delta is analyzed. The results show that ～68% of sediments were delivered by the Yellow River deposited around the river mouth and in the littoral area from 1953 to 2000. Coastline in different coasts had distinctive changes in response to shifts of river course. Coastline was stable in the west of the Diaokou river mouth. Coastline from the east of the Diaokou river mouth to the north of the Gudong oilfield had experienced siltation, then serious erosion, and finally kept stable with sea walls conservation. Generally, coastline of the survived river mouth of the Qingshuigou river course stretched seaward, whereas the south side of sand spit at the Qingshuigou old river mouth was eroded after the Yellow River inpouring near the position at the Qing 8. The subaqueous geomorphology off the survived river mouth exhibited siltation from 1976 to 1996, with flat topset beds and steeper foreset beds. From 1996 to 2005, the subaqueous geomorphology off the Qingshuigou old river mouth was eroded in the topset and foreset beds, but silted in the bottomset beds. The subaqueous geomorphology off the new river mouth sequentially performed siltation with small degree compared to that of 1976–1996.     

海岸动力环境下射流运动研究综述

开展海岸动力环境下射流运动规律和扩散机理研究,对于丰富复杂动力条件下的射流基本理论、指导沿海地区污水有序向海排放有着重要的理论和现实意义。系统回顾和总结了国内外在这一领域的研究内容和相关研究成果,评述了潮流(水流)、波浪和波流环境下射流运动规律的研究进展,指出了进一步开展波流相互作用下射流运动研究的可行性和必要性,并提出了利用物理实验和大涡数值模拟手段对波流共同作用下射流特性进行综合研究的思路和方法。     

华南岬间弧形海岸平面形态影响因素及类型

对华南47个典型弧形海岸,选取表征海岸平面形态特征、海岸水动力等10个地貌动力要素,利用主成分、分层聚类和非度量多维尺度分析等方法对影响华南弧形海岸的主要因素及海岸类型进行研究,结果表明:(1)华南弧形海岸平面形态主要受到地质构造、水动力、海陆供沙等要素共同作用;(2)华南弧形海岸可以分成4个大类。第一类型是中、强潮型海岸;第二类型主要为强浪型海岸;第三类型是地质构造控制的大型弧形海岸;第四类型只有洋浦湾与铺前湾,是比较独特的弧形海岸类型;(3)利用非度量多维尺度分析探究地貌动力要素及海岸形态与类型的关系,说明华南弧形海岸聚类分析结果具有一定的客观性。     

基于TerraSAR-X影像的格陵兰岛海岸水边线提取

海岸线是海洋与陆地的交界线,全球气候变化将引起海岸线的变迁,极地区域拥有最大的冰川,冰川的消融将导致全球海岸线的迅速变迁,因此研究极地海岸线具有重要的科学意义。由于潮汐等影响,卫星影像提取的海洋与陆地的交界线只是海岸水边线,本文以格陵兰岛海岸为实验对象,采用Gamma滤波方法对合成孔径雷达(SAR)数据的相干斑进行预处理,提出了应用支持向量机(SVM)和Canny边缘检测算子的海岸水边线提取方法,基于Terra SARX影像的实验结果表明,本文提取的格陵兰海岸水边线准确率都达60%以上。     

福建漳浦海岸沙丘粒度参数记录的环境演变

我国东南沿海广泛分布的海岸沙丘是海岸带环境演变的产物。该文对福建东南漳浦古雷海岸沙丘剖面(GL)进行了年代学、粒度参数和成因判别分析,在此基础上提取了对冬季风强度变化敏感的粒级组分,同时综合历史文献气候记录和泥炭地质记录分析,初步确定了研究区近1 300年以来海岸沙丘记录的冬季风环境演变信息,大致可划分为3个阶段:680-1100AD,海岸带冬季风强度总体较弱,后期表现为增强趋势,反映风暴潮活动频繁、气候温暖的海岸环境;1100-1700AD,海岸带冬季风强度波动增强,反映风沙活动强烈、较寒冷的海岸气候环境;1700AD至今,冬季风强度波动减弱,反映海岸气候环境在波动中回暖、风暴潮活动趋于增强。     

海岸沙丘植物群落分布、适应性和演替研究进展

海岸沙丘植物分布在海陆交错带,在岸线防护和维持沙丘的稳定性方面发挥了重要的水文、生态、美学和社会经济服务功能。在生境条件日益恶劣和人类活动干扰日趋频繁的情况下,海岸沙丘植物处在破坏压力大增、恢复困难的境地。掌握海岸沙丘植物群落的分布格局、适应机理和恢复机制,是开展生态系统保护和恢复工作的基础和关键。综述研究表明,海岸沙丘的气候特征是影响植物群落空间分布和演替的第一要素;沙质土壤粒径较粗,通透性较大,水分和养分持蓄能力较弱,白天受热快、日灼、水分蒸发强烈和夜间降温迅速等土壤环境特点,是决定沙质海岸植物存活的另一因素;海陆交接的特殊环境和沙丘发育过程,导致沙丘形状、面积、高度、起伏特性、移动特点、海岸地理位置和陆源生物流等的生境片段化,是限制沙丘基因物种流的重要因子;此外,经济浪潮推动下的人类活动更是深深影响着海陆间的物质与能量流动,改变着海岸沙丘的原有生境、植被格局和演替模式。海岸沙丘天然植物种类相对匮乏,种群单一,优势种明显,层次结构简单,外貌季相变化明显,微生境差异导致植物群落斑块化突出。大多数海岸沙丘植被系统中,优势植物是一年生到多年生的草本植物,但在热带海岸也有小范围的雨林植物分布。不同海岸生境中,沙丘植物衍生了相应的行为、生理生态适应机制。该地区不同植物群落受干扰的方式、强度、频率会影响演替的进程、速度以及方向,且逆向演替易于发生,并恢复困难。在全球气候变暖导致海平面上升,沙丘植物的重要性日益引起关注的前提下,海岸沙丘植被格局及与环境因素关系、各演替阶段植物群落更替的驱动力分析、植物适应机理探讨、适生物种的筛选和恢复效果等的研究对于深入开展沙丘植物的保护和恢复工作,维持沙丘的稳定性和生态系统平衡具有重要的科研价值和实践意义。     

A Rapid Assessment of Scleractinian and Non-Scleractinian Coral Growth Forms Along the Saudi Arabian Coast,Red Sea

In this study we assessed the current status of coral reefs along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea. Among the three growth forms of Acroporid corals, the branching forms were found to dominate in the Farassan Islands （44.55%±11.10% cover） fol-lowed by tabular forms in the Doga Islands （ranging between 18%±6.47% and 18.30%±9.47% cover）. Digitate forms were rarely found along the coast except at Maqna. Among the five growth forms of non-Acroporid corals, we observed maximum cover of branching forms in the Yanbu offshore area （58.89%±15.11% cover） followed by the Jeddah coast （24.76%±14.04% cover）. The Millepora spp., a non-Scleractinian coral, was abundant at all the near-shore sites, such as Jeddah （10.70%±8.21%） and A1-Wajh （9.81%±6.69%）. The live coral cover （including both Scleractinian and non-Scleractinian corals） of Saudi Red Sea coast was seen to be higher in the north and gradually decrease towards the south. Principal Component analysis showed that the contribution of Acro- porid corals was greater in the southern region than in the northem and middle regions, but vice-versa in the case of non-Acroporid corals. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis categorized all the study sites into two major clusters with 60% similarity. Among them, one cluster-forming sites from Maqna to Masturah （Northem region） and the second one comprised the middle and southem regions （Jeddah to Farassan Islands）, and one outlier Rabigh.