中期天气跟踪预报系统的建立与应用

主要介绍了我部研制开发的"中期天气跟踪预报系统"的主要做法和技术问题的处理方法.经过近几年来在日常制作中、短期天气预报和执行重大任务气象保障中的应用,该系统在制作3～7天内的天气跟踪预报方法可行,预报准确率较高.     

湖南省强对流天气特征统计分析

本文运用2000～2005年湖南省内244个强对流天气资料,统计分析了湖南省强对流天气的时间、地域分布特征,并对湖南省强对流天气形势进行了分型,结果表明:湖南省强对流天气多在春、夏季出现,72%的强对流天气出现在夜间,其中冰雹、短时强降水出现几率山区大于平原.而大风在平原地区出现几率平均大于山区.省内强对流天气类型分为5种:地面冷锋型、副高边缘型、地面倒槽型、静止锋型、东风波影响型.     

A New Strategy for Solving a Class of Constrained Nonlinear Optimization Problems Related to Weather and Climate Predictability

There are three common types of predictability problems in weather and climate, which each involve different constrained nonlinear optimization problems: the lower bound of maximum predictable time, the upper bound of maximum prediction error, and the lower bound of maximum allowable initial error and parameter error. Highly efficient algorithms have been developed to solve the second optimization problem. And this optimization problem can be used in realistic models for weather and climate to study the upper bound of the maximum prediction error. Although a filtering strategy has been adopted to solve the other two problems, direct solutions are very time-consuming even for a very simple model, which therefore limits the applicability of these two predictability problems in realistic models. In this paper, a new strategy is designed to solve these problems, involving the use of the existing highly efficient algorithms for the second predictability problem in particular. Furthermore, a series of comparisons between the older filtering strategy and the new method are performed. It is demonstrated that the new strategy not only outputs the same results as the old one, but is also more computationally efficient. This would suggest that it is possible to study the predictability problems associated with these two nonlinear optimization problems in realistic forecast models of weather or climate.     

Relationship between East Asian Monsoon and Dust Weather Frequency over Beijing

The relationship between dust weather frequency (DWF), which denotes the number of days of dust weather events, over Beijing and the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) was studied using DWF data for Beijing during the period 1951--2006. Results show that, during this period, the blowing-dust weather frequency (BDWF), as well as the indices of East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), all decreased considerably, with a t-test confidence level of 99%. The correlation coefficients between the chosen EAWM index and BDWF over Beijing in winter and the following spring were 0.34 and 0.33, respectively, with significance levels of 0.01 and 0.02, respectively. For the chosen EASM index and BDWF, these correlation coefficients were 0.51 and 0.45, respectively, with both at a confidence level exceeding 99.9%. With the linear trends removed, the values (in the same order as above) were 0.14, 0.14, -0.12, and -0.09, all not significant at the 95% confidence level. Clearly, the EAM relates mainly to DWF over long timescales. To a certain extent, the EAM might have some impact on DWF by affecting the associated surface air temperature and precipitation during the corresponding time period in sand-dust source regions at the interannual scale. A stronger (weaker) EAWM might advance (suppress) the occurrence of DWF, and the opposite for the EASM.     

2010年3月我国沙尘天气为何这么多

今年3月11日至月底,我国已先后出现了7次沙尘天气过程,尤其是3月19日开始的强沙尘天气过程,影响范围扩展到我N20个省市自治区,连过去很少出现沙尘天气的浙江、福建和台湾省也都受到波及。为什么3月中旬以来我国会频繁出现沙尘天气呢？这是由这段时间的天气气候条件决定的。     

什么是极端天气气候事件

极端天气气候事件是指天气（气候）的状态严重偏离其平均态时所发生的天气（天候）事件,可以认为是异常或很少发生的事件,在统计意义上称为极端事件。     

云中漫步——走进世界气象馆

城市让生活更美好,气象让城市更和谐。．浦江东岸的世博园区内,一座通体纯白的云朵形建筑格外引人注目,这就是今年上海世博会中由世界气象组织（WMO）和中国气象局（CMA）共同建设布展的世界气象馆。自古以来,天气变化就与人类的生产生活息息相关,随着城市化进程的发展,城市应对气象等自然灾害的脆弱性增大,极端天气气候事件对城市安全、市民出行及生活品质的影响也日愈加大。“为了人民的平安和福祉”已成为气象工作的目的和归宿,     

我在“联心”的日子里

1952年元旦刚过,15岁的我就同十几位预报训练班的同学,背着行李来到中央气象台报到。我们被分配到联合天气分析预报中心（当时简称“联心”）任见习助理预报员。     

武汉市气候变暖与极端天气事件变化的归因分析

根据武汉市1951—2007年间年平均、最高、最低气温与8类年极端天气日数的序列,计算分析其变化趋势及年平均气温与极端天气日数的相关性,引入格兰杰因果性检验法,探讨气候变暖与极端天气事件之间的因果关系。结果发现:(1)近57年来武汉市年平均最低气温增幅为0.45℃/10a,明显高于年平均最高气温0.19℃/10a的增幅,可见气候变暖主要是由夜间气温升高所致;(2)高温和闷热天气事件为增多趋势,其中闷热天气事件最明显,达到2.8 d/10a,而年雷暴、降雪、低温、大风、雾日则均为下降趋势,雷暴、雾和低温事件降幅明显,每10年减少3.0 d、4.0 d和2.1 d。大风和降雪事件,每10年减少1.8 d和1.5 d。暴雨事件波动幅度较小。(3)年平均气温与当年及超前、滞后1～2年的极端天气事件具有高相关性;(4)格兰杰因果性检验结果发现,气候变暖是闷热天气增多和降雪事件减少的原因,同时亦是大风和低温减少的结果。这种因果关系的存在对极端天气事件预测和预估有重要的价值。     

美国强对流预报主观产品现状分析

为了全面反映美国强对流预报主观产品现状,同时也为推进我国国家级强对流天气预报业务建设提供思路,通过研读相关文献、最新技术报告和专家咨询等方式,对当前美国国家级强对流天气预报业务的产品类型、制作、发布规范等最新进展进行了比较详细的分析,并对我国国家级强对流天气预报业务建设提出了初步设想。通过分析看到,美国的强对流预报业务产品,以概率分类预报为主要形式,是以预报员为主体的综合主观预报产品。现已形成了一个比较系统的短时、短期、中期预报业务产品系列。以其为参照,我国强对流预报业务发展须加强四个方面的工作:第一,强对流天气气候学分析、诊断技术的研究应用;第二,基于高时空分辨率的中尺度数值预报系统的客观产品的研发和应用,强对流分类预报方法的研制;第三,专门预报员队伍的建设;第四,科学的业务流程和高效的综合监测传输。