谢帕德和福克碎屑沉积物分类方法在南黄海表层沉积物编图中的应用与比较

谢帕德(Shepard,1954)和福克(Folk)等(1970)的沉积物结构分类是较为常用的两种分类方法。尽管都是基于沉积物粒度组成的三元分类,但分类的出发点和基本思路有很大的不同。Shepard分类是三端元等价的纯描述性分类,不反映沉积物粒度组成的水动力学属性,砾质沉积物未考虑在内。Folk分类虽然也是三端元分类,但三个端元是不等价,首先按砂/泥比划分基本类型,然后再按粉砂/黏土比进一步分类,砂/泥比反映动力强度的大小,粉砂/黏土比反映介质的混浊度,具有明显的动力学意义。鉴于粒度分异与搬运距离的成因联系,Folk分类也是分析物源区的工具。笔者用两种分类研究了南黄海的表层沉积物,发现按照Folk分类,南黄海的表层沉积物分布可以分为两个沉积系列。在南黄海西部,沉积物由西向东依次为砂-粉砂质砂-砂质粉砂-粉砂;而在东部,由东向西依次为砂-泥质砂-砂质泥-泥组成。由岸及海随着沉积水动力由强变弱,沉积物粒度变细,大致与由东西两侧的强潮流作用区到中部的静水涡流作用区的动力学格局相一致,在一定程度上反映了沉积环境的变化、沉积物的物源和输运方向。实践证明,Folk分类的应用效果明显优于Shepard分类,可以较好地满足海洋地质研究的需要,应当在我国海洋沉积物的研究中予以推广。     

Heavy metals,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in the surface sediments of mangrove swamps from coastal sites along the Leizhou Peninsula, South China

Contents of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PA Hs）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） and hexachlorcy- clohexanes （HCHs） in surface sediments from mangrove areas of the Leizhou Peninsula were analyzed in July and November 2005. Risk assessment criteria applied by Long E R et al. （1995） and Long E D et al. （1995） （effects range low, ERL; effects range mean, ERM） of chemicals in sediments from the gulf or estuary were used to assess the potential ecological risks of heavy metals, PAHs, DDTs and HCHs to aquatic organisms in the studied area. The results indicated that the average contents of zinc, nickel, chromium, lead, copper, arsenic and mercury were （61.97 ± 55.87）, （59.99 ± 39.01 ）, （47.93 ± 28.37）, （26.64± 13.00） , （23.45 ± 41.96）, （9.32 ± 3.62）, （0.14 ± 0.18） mg/kg in dry weight in the sediment samples col- lected from five studied sites in the Leizhou Peninsula, respectively. Cadmium was not calculated due to its content being below the detection limit （ 〈 0.3 mg,/kg）. The average levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg exceed their background values. The average contents of Ni were higher than ERM. The contents of PAHs in the sediments from the five studied sites were （79.78 ± 43.70） ng/g in dry weight, far lower than ERL（4 022 ng/g）. The contents of DDE, DDD and DDTs in the sediments from five studied sites were （2.60 ± 4.68）, （ 17.52 ± 27.25 ）, （27.78 ± 46.64） ng/g in dry weight respectively, clearly higher than ERL, and the average contents of DDT were （7.66 ± 15.93） ng/g in dry weight, much higher than ERM. HCHs could be detected in the sediments only from Gaoqiao sampling site, with the average contents （0.07 ± 0.08） ng/g in dry weight.     

长江和黄河入海沉积物不同粒级中长石/石英比值及化学风化程度评价

长石/石英(F/Q)比值是评估碎屑沉积物化学风化强度的传统指标.在长江大通站和黄河利津站及相应河口区各取9个沉积物样品,将其<125 μm的部分按1间隔分离成7组不同的粒级,用X-ray衍射法半定量分析测定了全样和不同粒级沉积物中石英和长石的相对含量,计算了长石/石英(F/Q)、钾长石/石英(Fk/Q)、斜长石/石英(Fp/Q)比值,据此评估了长江和黄河入海沉积物化学风化强度随粒级的变化.结果显示取自黄河样品的F/Q,Fk/Q和Fp/Q比值在总体上显著高于长江样品,与长江流域的化学风化强度高于黄河的结论一致,可以作为流域沉积物化学风化强度替代指标.长江样品的F/Q,Fk/Q和Fp/Q比值随粒级变细持续变低,黄河样品则呈波动式下降.黄河样品的F/Q高出长江样品的部分主要发生在＜32 μm的细粒级,在粗粒级区间差别很小,当沉积物粒级下降到一定区间后F/Q差异出现快速增加,显示长江流域沉积物的风化程度高于黄河主要发生在较细粒级.上述比值在黄河样品的2～4 μm粒级中高出长江样品3～5倍,是凸显两河化学风化强度差别的敏感粒级,也可以作为两河物源示踪的指标.     

Water, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in sediment of a large-scale mariculture area in the Zhelin Bay of eastern Guangdong Province, China

The Zhelin Bay is one of the most important bays for large-scale mariculture in Guangdong Province, China. Owing to the increasing human population and the expanding mariculture in the last two decades, the ecological environment has greatly changed with frequent harmful algal blooms. A monthly survey of water content, organic matter （TOM）, and various forms of nitrogen and phosphorous in sediment from July 2002 to July 2003 in the bay was conducted. The results showed that the water content was correlated significantly with TOM and various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus and can be used as proxy for quick and rough estimate of these factors in the future surveys. TOM was also correlated significantly with various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus, indicating that it was one of the key factors affecting the concentrations and distributions of nitrogen and phosphorus in the investigated waters. Average total Kjeldhal nitrogen （TkN） content was（ 1 113.1 ± 382.5）μg/g and average total phosphorus （TP） content was（567.2± 223.3）μg/g, and both were much higher than those of similar estuaries in China and elsewhere. Average nitrogen and phosphorus tended to be higher inside than outside the bay, higher at aquaculture than non-aquaculture areas, and higher at fish-cage culture than oyster culture areas, suggesting that large-scale mariculture inside the bay played an important role in the eutrophication of the Zhelin Bay. Various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were higher during the warm season （July--September）, which was due to the increased decomposition and concentration of organic matter resulted from the fast growth and high mortality of the cultured species. Compared with July 2002, TkN and TP contents were much higher in July 2003, in consonance with the eutrophication of the Zhelin Bay. Because exchangeable phosphorus （Ex-P）, iron-bounded phos- phorus （Fe-P） and organic phosphorus （OP） combined accounted for 34.3% of the TP and authigenic phosphorus （Au-P     

南沙群岛西部海域两柱状沉积物中碳和氮的分布和来源特征及埋藏通量估算

对位于南沙群岛海域西部近大陆架-残留沉积区(NS01站)和深海沉积区(NS02站)的2个沉积物柱状样进行了研究,测定了它们的粒度组成、CaCO3含量、总有机碳含量(TOC)、总碳含量(TC)、总有机物含量(TOM)和总氮含量(TN),估算了它们的埋藏通量及陆/海源TOC和TN的相对含量.结果表明,该海域沉积物主要是粒径小于63μm的细粒度组分,粒度组成随深度的变化很小.沉积物粒度不是控制CaCO3含量、TOC、TC、TOM、TN和TOC/TN垂向变化的主要因素.NS01站CaCO3含量、TOC、TC、TOM和TN的含量及埋藏通量均低于NS02站.NS01站TOC/TN随深度的变化主要受控于TN的变化,而NS02站则主要受控于TOC的变化.2个研究站位的TOC和TN均以海洋自生为主,NS01站沉积物中海洋自生TOC和TN的平均值分别为53.2%和81.4%,NS02站沉积物中海洋自生TOC和TN的平均值分别为64.5%和87.7%.     

长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中Cu，Zn，Pb，Cr的分布特征

2005年10月-12月,对长江口北部和江苏南部海域进行了较为全面的沉积物化学调查,调查海域范围较广、布点密度较高,为全面深入地研究该海域的底质分布状况积累了重要的资料.分析研究了其中的表层沉积物中重金属Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr含量的分布特征;讨论了重金属与有机质的相关性,并以有机质含量作为环境因素的校正因子,判别了异常值;Cu,Zn,Pb的含量相互之间也呈明显正相关,除了由于三者有相似的地球化学性质之外,可能表明它们在本调查海域有相似的污染源.以平均富集因子对重金属的富集状况进行了评价,结果表明Cu为中度污染,Zn,Pb,Cr均为轻度污染,重金属的富集程度Cu>Zn>Cr>Pb.     

印尼海啸区附近海域沉积物声速测量及声学特性分析

介绍了沉积物柱状样超声透射法测量方法和原理.对印尼海啸区附近海域沉积物柱状样进行了现场测量,通过测量数据的处理和分析,给出了沉积物的垂向声速剖面.讨论了声速与频率的关系,指出声速具有随频率的0.1次方增大的频散特性.分析沉积深度、结构以及生物扰动等方面的因素对声学测量结果的影响,结果表明海底地震引起的沉积物变迁、沉积物结构扰动、气体的混入等对声速的测量结果均产生影响.     

三沙湾重矿物研究

三沙湾表层沉积物极细砂中的重矿物不下82种,除少量自生矿物外几乎全是陆源矿物,多数矿物含量变化很大.在岩性和潮流控制下,共形成了12区重矿物组合.     

苏北新洋港潮滩柱状沉积物粒度分布特征

通过对江苏省新洋港柱状样的粒度参数及典型粒度频率曲线分析,结合柱样剖面颜色变化情况,对柱状样进行不同演化阶段粒度信息的提取,运用粒径-标准偏差进行环境敏感性分析,以了解影响潮滩沉积物分布的动力特征.结果显示,光滩柱样呈现了由光滩-大米草滩-光滩逐渐演化的粒度变化信息,而互花米草滩、盐蒿滩和盐蒿互花米草混合滩柱样分别记录了大米草滩-互花米草滩、盐蒿滩-大米草滩-盐蒿滩,以及盐蒿滩-大米草滩-盐蒿互花米草混合滩演化的粒度信息,水动力条件的差异与变化导致沉积物水平方向上自光滩-互花米草滩-盐蒿滩逐渐变细,芦苇滩成为独立的系统,基本不受到潮水动力作用的影响,沉积结构十分稳定,植被的引种加剧了潮滩沉积物水平分布的变化,光滩、互花米草滩、盐蒿互花米草混合滩、盐蒿滩的沉积速率分别为2.34、≥3.09、2.45和2.09 cm/a.     

铁细菌在北极特定海区沉积物中的分布

用平板法对取自北极加拿大海盆和楚科奇海10个沉积物岩芯中184个样品进行铁细菌检出率和含量分析.结果表明,4 ℃培养时铁细菌的检出率为10.33%,含量范围均为未检出～ 8.40×106 个/g(湿样,下同),平均含量为7.76×104 个/g.25 ℃培养时铁细菌的检出率为40.22%,含量范围均为未检出～1.00×108 个/g,平均含量为1.40×106 个/g.研究区沉积物中铁细菌含量高于太平洋深海沉积物中铁细菌含量;与前人在淡水沉积物中所作的调查相比,研究区的铁细菌含量落在前人调查结果范围内,但比细菌簇中铁细菌含量要低,这表明研究区海底沉积物的微生境较适合铁细菌的繁衍.对铁细菌在不同水深、经纬度以及沉积物深度中的分布进行了讨论,结果表明铁细菌检出率随沉积物深度增加而增大,含量变化呈现出浅层少、下层多之势.铁细菌的纬度分布范围较大,并显出有扩大的趋势.铁细菌含量与检出率随水深加大也呈跳跃式变化,水较深时铁细菌有较高的检出率和数量,但离陆距离的增加又会在物质供应上对其生长产生制约.培养温度对铁细菌分布有一定影响,温度提高不仅提高了铁细菌检出率,也增加了铁细菌的含量.这也许与部分铁细菌的最适宜生长温度较高有关,温度升高有利于某些铁细菌的生长发育.