东亚地区夏季水汽输送特征

利用1950—2002年NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日平均资料,计算全球格点整层水汽输送通量,分析东亚地区夏季水汽输送在推进过程中逐候的气候特征。研究发现：第25—44候是水汽输送变化最为明显的时段,也是水汽输送的集中期;东亚地区各个经度带的偏南风水汽输送在出现时间、北抬进程速度、北界位置、南撤速度等方面均表现出不同的特征;副高边缘的东南风水汽输送具有迂回西扩和快速东撤的特点,并且在强盛期能够到达青藏高原的东南部。     

渭河流域2008年1月连阴雪天气过程成因分析

通过对2008年1月10-23日渭河流域连阴雪天气过程的分析研究,发现冬季连阴雪的预报着眼点是700hPa高度场,与秋季连阴雨500hPa环流形势相比,稳定的中高纬度高脊明显偏东;低层和地面东风回流是降雪天气的主要冷空气源;与秋季连阴雨天气过程相比,整个阴雪过程中,水汽辐合相对较强,而水汽输送偏弱;低层比湿舌的出现和高层比湿的突然减小,对渭河流域中雪以上降雪天气的开始和结束有一定的预报意义;这次阴雪天气过程中可能有中尺度系统的生消和参与。     

Responses of Vertical Structures in Convective and Stratiform Regions to Large-Scale Forcing during the Landfall of Severe Tropical Storm Bilis （2006）

The responses of vertical structures,in convective and stratiform regions,to the large-scale forcing during the landfall of tropical storm Bilis(2006) are investigated using the data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation.An imposed large-scale forcing with upward motion in the mid and upper troposphere and downward motion in the lower troposphere on 15 July suppresses convective clouds,which leads to ～100% coverage of raining stratiform clouds over the entire model domain.The imposed forci...     

GRAPES中地形重力波拖曳物理过程的引进和应用试验

在中国新一代全球中期/区域中尺度同化与预报系统(GRAPES)模式中引进了ECMWF地形重力波拖曳物理过程,填补了GRAPES全球中期数值预报系统中物理过程的空白。重新计算了地形重力波过程需要的地形静态资料数据,并与原ECMWF模式的地形静态参数进行了对比分析,验证了模式地形参数的正确性。利用GRAPES模式,进行了地形重力波拖曳物理过程影响的敏感性数值试验;结果表明:引进地形重力波拖曳过程以后,在存在大地形的区域,风场会发生变化,当纬向风遇到青藏高原时,一部分气流会产生爬坡效应而越过高原,使高原上空的西风气流减弱;另一部分气流会绕过高原,在高原的南侧产生绕流;随着模式积分时间的延长,风场变化会越来越明显,地形越复杂,风场的变化也越复杂;连续的模式积分试验结果显示,引进地形重力波过程,可以延长GRAPES模式的可用预报时效,提高了全球形势预报的准确率。通过对一次降水过程的模拟,对地形重力波过程影响降水预报的原因进行了简单分析。结果显示:引进地形重力波拖曳过程后,改变了大气流场的分布,使预报的流场更接近于大气真实状态,从而提高了降水预报的准确率。     

The Development of a Nonhydrostatic Global Spectral Model

With the development of numerical weather prediction technology,the traditional global hydrostatic models used in many countries of the world for operational weather forecasting and numerical simulations of general circulation have become more and more unfit for high-impact weather prediction.To address this,it is important to invest in the development of global nonhydrostatic models.Few existing nonhydrostatic global models use consistently the grid finite difference scheme for the primitive equations of dynamical cores,which can subsequently degrade the accuracy of the calculations.A new nonhydrostatic global spectral model,which utilizes the Eulerian spectral method,is developed here from NCAR Community Atmosphere Model 3.0(CAM3.0).Using Janjic's hydrostatic/nonhydrostatic method,a global nonhydrostatic spectral method for the primitive equations has been formulated and developed.In order to retain the integrity of the nonhydrostatic equations,the atmospheric curvature correction and eccentricity correction are considered. In this paper,the Held-Suarez idealized test and an idealized baroclinic wave test are first carried out,which shows that the nonhydrostatic global spectral model has similar climate states to the results of many other global models for long-term idealized integration,as well as better simulation ability for short-term idealized integration.Then,a real case experiment is conducted using the new dynamical core with the full physical parameterizations of subgrid-scale physical processes.The 10-day numerical integration indicates a decrease in systematic error and a better simulation of zonal wind,temperature,and 500-hPa height.     

A Study on Water Vapor Transport and Budget of Heavy Rain in Northeast China

The characteristics of moisture transport and budget of widespread heavy rain and local heavy rain events in Northeast China are studied using the NCEP--NCAR reanalysis 6-hourly and daily data and daily precipitation data of 200 stations in Northeast China from 1961--2005. The results demonstrate that during periods with widespread heavy rain in Northeast China, the Asian monsoon is very active and the monsoonal northward moisture transport is strengthened significantly. The widespread heavy rainfall obtains enhanced water vapor supply from large regions where the water vapor mainly originates from the Asian monsoon areas, which include the East Asian subtropical monsoon area, the South China Sea, and the southeast and southwest tropical monsoon regions. There are several branches of monsoonal moisture current converging on East China and its coastal areas, where they are strengthened and then continue northward into Northeast China. Thus, the enhanced northward monsoonal moisture transport is the key to the widespread heavy rain in Northeast China. In contrast, local heavy rainfall in Northeast China derives water vapor from limited areas, transported by the westerlies. Local evaporation also plays an important role in the water vapor supply and local recycling process of moisture. In short, the widespread heavy rains of Northeast China are mainly caused by water vapor advection brought by the Asian monsoon, whereas local heavy rainfall is mainly caused by the convergence of the westerly wind field.     

2007年淮河流域暴雨期间大气环流特征分析

利用NCAR/NCEP再分析资料及国家气象信息中心30年气候平均降水资料,通过动力诊断与分析手段研究了2007年6—7月发生在我国淮河流域的暴雨。结果表明,淮河流域的环流垂直结构和降水有着非常好的对应关系。暴雨期间,鄂霍茨克海阻高与乌拉尔山阻高这种双阻高形势对于淮河流域的持续降水提供了很好的条件;南亚高压高层(200 hPa)基本为正散度区,低层(850 hPa)为负散度区,上下层强烈的抽吸结构对暴雨的发生也是非常有利的条件,同时,在淮河暴雨期问,南亚高压(200 hPa)与500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压有着相向而行的移动路径;位涡对于分析冷空气的活动,有着比较清晰的意义,暴雨发生前,有明显的正位涡异常从高纬度向低纬度伸展。大气非绝热加热分析结果显示,视热源和视水汽汇两者的高值中心与相应时段暴雨中心位置一致。     

西北干旱区常规气象站与野外试验站观测的气象要素的对比分析

利用1982—2006年NOAA系列卫星观测的中国西北地区各气象站所在区域归一化植被指数(NDVI)多年平均最大值(IMAX),给出了判定气象站所代表区域下垫面类型的一个标准:0.45≤IMAX1为绿洲;0.20≤IMAX0.45为戈壁;0IMAX0.20为沙漠。根据这一标准选择张掖、阿拉善右旗和山丹常规气象站分别为绿洲、沙漠和戈壁代表站与HEIFE试验相同的3种下垫面观测的气象要素进行了对比分析,结果显示:(1)常规气象站与野外站观测的地—气温差的比较显示,两者在绿洲下垫面秋、冬、春三季的变化趋势一致,而夏季前者明显高于后者,且变化位相相反;沙漠下垫面的变化趋势基本一致,前者比后者略偏大;戈壁下垫面最为接近。夏季绿洲下垫面两者地—气温差不同,受下垫面状况和太阳直接辐射作用的共同影响,每日14时的地温有很大不同;两者气温的日变化形式相同,但前者全年都略高于后者。(2)气象站与野外站地面风速的比较发现,绿洲和沙漠下垫面上两者观测的10 m风速值全年均相近,戈壁下垫面前者的值要比后者小很多,气象站年平均风速只有2.3 m.s-1,而野外站达到4.9 m.s-1。本文主要对影响地面感热定量计算的几个气象要素进行讨论,以期能对气象站和野外站观测资料之间的异同以及气象站观测的气象要素对其所在区域的代表性等问题有一个基本了解,从而为气象站与野外站资料相结合的研究提供一个基本认识。     

典型层状云系催化试验的云物理响应研究

利用2003年秋季延安地区一次典型层状云系加密探空和实时雷达观测资料,设计了催化和对比探测方案,计算得出催化影响区及下风方可能采集到响应值的区域。按照设计方案进行催化和探测。云物理响应观测结果表明:PNS粒子探测系统检测到催化后30min,小云滴减少;大冰晶的浓度增加;催化前冰晶以片状为主,催化后可看到有霰坯;催化前大雪晶浓度很小,雪晶之间没有攀附;催化后雪晶浓度增加,且大雪晶增加很多,可明显看到几个雪团攀附在一起形成的较大雪团;雷达观测到催化前拟播撒区内云的回波强度较弱、范围较小,催化后云体明显增大,强中心增加了5～10dBz;催化约1h后影响区雨量均有增加,说明催化引入的人工冰晶,使冰晶凝结比水滴凝结更有利于过冷云水转化为降水,冰晶效应和雪晶攀附过程是这次层状云系降水系统中的主要过程。过冷水冻结释放的潜热,导致云内升速加大,使催化区云和降水得到发展。     

台风“海高斯”过程及登陆减弱后再次加强的影响因素分析

运用实况资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对台风"海高斯"的移动路径多变和登陆减弱后再次加强的原因进行探讨,结果表明:强大的带状副高和风暴形成的东西向螺旋云带是"海高斯"前期稳定西行的强信号;西风槽东移南下,副高减弱东退是"海高斯"后期转向北上的主要影响;"海高斯"登陆减弱后重新加强的主要原因有:低层偏南气流持续的水汽输送,弱冷空气的侵入,500 hPa槽前的正涡度平流,高空辐散的加强,登陆后移经对流层垂直切变较小区和特殊的下垫面等。