基于雷达回波拼图资料的风暴单体和中尺度对流系统识别、跟踪及预报技术

以中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室的区域雷达组网三维数字产品作为数据输入,在雷达基数据的SCIT(The Strom Cell Identification and Tracking)算法基础上,完成了三维格点风暴单体识别、追踪和预报,用Davis发展的客观诊断评估方法识别雷达拼图资料中的中尺度对流系统,实现了雷达数据的中尺度对流系统识别、跟踪和预报,并利用这两种方法对多个强天气过程进行风暴和中尺度对流系统识别、跟踪及预报.在单雷达区域内用原SCIT和修改后的SCIT算法做了风暴单体定量识别检验.结果表明,(1)修改后的SCIT算法能够实现三维风暴的自动识别、跟踪和预报,在单雷达区域内与原算法识别风暴数量大体相当,中尺度对流系统识别方法能够实现中尺度对流系统的自动识别,并完成跟踪和预报;(2)SCIT算法预报误差较小,中尺度对流系统算法预报误差相对较大,它们的预报误差随时间延长而增大.     

一次宏下击暴流的雷达回波特征分析

利用常规探测资料、区域自动气象站资料和烟台新一代天气雷达资料,对2007年7月28日发生在烟台招远、龙口的一次下击暴流引起的灾害性大风天气进行分析。结果得出：此次下击暴流是在副热带高压边缘“上干下湿”不稳定层结中,由于高空冷空气侵入,不稳定能量得到释放,从而发展起来的多单体团风暴和弓型回波复合体所产生的,其主要特征是强反射率因子核从中高层开始发展,迅速下降到达地面,形成辐散大风,风暴前沿有阵风锋出现。     

风暴事件变化和预估专题研讨会简介

<正>2010年6月28日上午,来自GKSS海岸研究所和汉堡大学气象系的Hansvon Storch教授以及他的3名博士研究生,应邀在中国气象局气候研究开放实验室举行了"风暴事件变化和预估专题研讨会"。专题研讨会由国家气候     

云微物理过程对强对流风暴的影响之数值模拟研究

本文运用三维对流云模式对美国SPACE计划(South Park Area Cumulus Experiment)1977年7月19日South Park地区一例强对流风暴进行了模拟,目的是考察不同云微物理过程对风暴的影响.不同微物理方案模拟对比有助于我们加深对风暴内部微物理过程的了解.结果表明,不同微物理方案模拟的风暴内部动力场、强度有所不同.不考虑冰相过程的暖雨方案,模拟的风暴最弱;冰相过程中仅考虑冻结/融化潜热释放,模拟的风暴强度在后期稍弱.由于降水绝大部分由霰、雹转变而来,以及霰、雹粒子对运动场的影响及其相变潜热作用,冰相过程中如果不考虑霰、雹的模拟方案,模拟风暴的动力场及降水场都发生改变.     

NOAA利用高科技研究型飞机探测资料改进冬季风暴预报

NOAA将启用Gulfstream IV型研究飞机在北太平洋上空获取资料,欲通过改进计算机模拟加强整个北美大陆的冬季风暴预报。此前NOAA的Gulfstream IV飞机只用于大西洋飓风探测。这架经特别改装的双涡轮喷气飞机将在2010年2月停靠在日本的横田空军基地,3月转到美国火奴鲁鲁,从此飞往资料稀少的海域获取风速、风向、气温、气压、湿度等资料。这些资料将通过卫星进入各全球业务天气预报中心,为计算机预报模式所用。     

冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年代际变化特征及其可能影响机制

利用1958-2002年的ERA-40再分析资料,用谐波变换和EOF方法分析了冬季北太平洋风暴轴在年代际时间尺度上的变化特征,并通过回归分析的方法初步探讨了风暴轴年代际变化的可能影响机制.结果表明,在年代际时间尺度上,北太平洋风暴轴有两种主要模态,第1模态是风暴轴在其气候平均位置增强或减弱的主体一致变化型,其年代际变化受到上游涡旋强迫的影响,北大西洋强(弱)的涡旋活动,使得冬季北太平洋西风急流减弱(增强)、变宽(窄)、北抬(南压),同期北太平洋风暴轴活动偏强(弱),黑潮延续体区海表温度有偏暖(冷)的响应;第2模态是风暴轴中东部在气候平均位置南北两侧振荡的经向异常型,与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)循环的暖(冷)位相相联系,下垫面海温非绝热加热的作用,激发加强(减弱)大气中类太平洋/北美遥相关型(PNA)的响应,引起大气斜压性异常偏南(北),使得风暴轴整体南压(北抬),且中东部向东南(北)方向移动.因此,冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年代际变化不仅是局地波-流相互作用的结果,还应考虑上游涡旋活动和海温热力强迫的作用.     

一个中国沿岸台风风暴潮数值预报系统的建立与应用

依据三维斜压海洋环流模式POM建立了一个中国沿岸台风风暴潮数值预报业务系统.台风风场模型考虑了台风移动和周围环境风场的影响,采用了较合理的强风情况下的风应力计算公式,建立了稳定合理的模式海洋环流气候状态和模式边界条件.大量的数值模拟结果表明,该模式能较好地重现历史台风风暴增水过程,对近2年台风风暴潮个例的预报结果表明,该业务系统对台风风暴增水具有较好的预报能力,文章同时分析了模式存在的一些问题.该业务系统实现了从资料采集、模式运行到预报结果输出的全自动化,显示采用图片和MICAPS两种方式,后者与现有气象业务平台一致.     

Three-Dimensional Structure and Low-Level Features of the North Pacific Storm Track from 1999 to 2005

A storm track is a region in which synoptic eddy activities are statistically most prevalent and intense. At daily weather charts, it roughly corresponds to the mean trajectories of cyclones and anticyclones. In this paper, the recent QuikSCAT （Quick Scatterometer） satellite sea winds data with a 0.5°×0.5° horizontal resolution, and the NCEP （National Centers for Environmental Prediction） 10-m height Gaussian grid wind data and pressure-level reanalysis data, are employed to document the spatial structure of the North Pacific storm track in winter （January） and summer （July） from 1999 to 2005. The results show that in winter the North Pacific storm track is stronger, and is located in lower latitudes with a distinct zonal distribution. In summer, it is weaker, and is located in higher latitudes. Based on the horizontal distributions of geopotential height variance at various levels, three-dimensional schematic diagrams of the North Pacific storm track in winter and summer are extracted and presented. Analyses of the QuikSCAT wind data indicate that this dataset can depict the low-level storm track features in detail. The double storm tracks over the Southern Oceans found by Nakamura and Shimpo are confirmed. More significantly, two new pairs of low-level storm tracks over the North Pacific and the North Atlantic are identified by using this high-resolution dataset. The pair over the North Pacific is focused in this paper, and is named as the ＂subtropical storm track＂ and the ＂subpolar storm track＂, respectively. Moreover, statistical analyses of cyclone and anticyclone trajectories in the winters of 1999 to 2005 reveal as well the existence of the low-level double storm tracks over the North Pacific.     

北太平洋风暴轴的三维空间结构

文中利用最新的0.5°×0.5°分辨率QuikSCAT(QuikBird Satellite Microwave Scatterometer Sea Winds Data)海面风场资料、NCEP(National Center for Environmental Prediction)的10 m高度风场资料和全球客观再分析资料,对1999-2005年冬季(1月)和夏季(7月)北太平洋风暴轴的三维空间结构进行了分析,发现冬季北太平洋风暴轴的强度较强,呈明显的纬向拉伸带状分布特征,位置偏南.夏季北太平洋风暴轴的强度较弱,位置偏北.根据不同高度上位势高度方差的水平分布特征,绘制了北太平洋风暴轴的三维结构示意图.利用高分辨率QuikSCAT资料对风暴轴特征的刻画更为细致,不但验证了Nakamu-ra在南大洋发现的双风暴轴现象,而且还发现在北太平洋和北大西洋下层分别存在"副热带风暴轴"和"副极地风暴轴"两个风暴轴.对1999-2005年冬季北太平洋气旋和反气旋的移动路径进行的统计分析,为北太平洋"双风暴轴"的存在提供了强有力的证据.     

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Tropical Cyclones at Different Intensity Scales over the Western North Pacific from 1945 to 2005

The tropical cyclone （TC） track data provided by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center （JTWC） of the U.S. Navy over the western North Pacific （including the South China Sea） from 1945 to 2005 are employed to analyze the temporal and spatial variations of TCs of different intensity scales. Most of the TCs occurred between 15° and 25°N, from the northern part of the South China Sea to the eastern part of the Bashi Channel until near 140°E. Most of the severe and super typhoons occurred over waters from the eastern part of the Bashi Channel to about 140°E. The TCs in a weakening or steady state take up a weak majority in the area west of 123°E and north of 20°N; those in an intensifying or steady state are mostly found in the area east of 123°E and south of 20°N. For severe tropical storms, typhoons, severe typhoons, and super typhoons, their average decaying rates are all greater than the respective average growing rates; for tropical storms, however, the average decaying rate is smaller than the average growing rate. Generally speaking, the stronger the TC, the faster the intensification （weakening） is. The percentage of weak TCs is higher in June to August while that of strong TCs is higher in September to November. There are annual, interannual, and interdecadal variations in the observed number （every 6 h） and frequency of TCs at different intensity scales. As far as the long-term trend is concerned, the frequency and observed number of tropical storms have a significant linear increase, but the averaged intensity and number of TCs of other intensity categories do not exhibit such a significant linear trend. In E1 Nifio years, the number and percentage of super typhoons are significantly higher, while the total number of tropical storms, severe tropical storms, typhoons, and severe typhoons is significantly lower, and the mean intensity of TCs is prominently stronger; in La Nifia years, however, the opposite comes true.