一种基于Canny和数学形态学的海洋锋检测方法

MODIS遥感影像中海洋锋呈现明显的弱边缘信息特征。为有效获得海洋锋信息,首先应用调整后的Canny边缘检测算法,获取海洋锋初步检测结果,然后基于数学形态学二值重构及击中击不中算法,对检测出来的海洋锋进行再处理,确保了海洋锋的连续性及定位准确性。试验结果表明了该算法在海洋锋检测上的有效性与实用性。     

Seasonal variability of the North Equatorial Current transport in the western Pacific Ocean

Seasonal variability of the North Equatorial Current （NEC） transport in the western Pacific Ocean is investigated with ECMWF Ocean Analysis/Reanalysis System 3 （eRA-S3）. The result shows that NEC transport （NT） across different longitudes in the research area shows a similar double-peak structure, with two maxima （in summer and winter）, and two minima （in spring and autumn）. This kind of structure can also be found in NEC geostrophic transport （NGT）, but in a different magnitude and phase. These differences are attributable to Ekman transport induced by the local meridional wind and transport caused by nonzero velocity at the reference level, which is assumed to be zero in the NGT calculation. In the present work, a linear vorticity equation governing a 1.5-layer reduced gravity model is adopted to examine the dynamics of the seasonal variability of NGT. It is found that the annual cycle of NGT is mainly controlled by Ekman pumping induced by local wind, and westward-propagating Rossby waves induced by remote wind. Further research demonstrates that the maximum in winter and minimum in spring are mostly attributed to wind east of the dateline, whilst the maximum in summer and minimum in autumn are largely attributed to that west of the dateline.     

锋生作用对2011年梅汛期湖北暴雨的影响

利用常规气象资料、湖北人工气象站和自动气象监测站雨量资料、NCEP再分析0.5°×0.5°等资料,对锋生函数在2011年6月中上旬梅雨期三次暴雨过程中的作用进行了诊断分析。结果表明:(1)2011年湖北梅雨在单阻型环流场形成和维持的过程中,先后出现了三种不同特征的暴雨过程。三次过程均在中层出现锋生。(2)中层锋生主要由垂直锋生造成,有利于对流不稳定的发生。低层锋生主要由水平锋生造成,有利于水汽输送和辐合抬升。当中层和低层均有锋生,且中层为垂直锋生、低层为水平锋生时,有利于降雨强度的加强。(3)先出现中层锋生后出现低层锋生可能为短时降雨,先出现低层锋生后出现中层锋生可能为长历时降雨。(4)低层的垂直锋消与水平锋生完全抵消说明低层水平辐合不够强,且对流稳定,不利于强降雨的发生。     

The Summer Snow Cover Anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Association with Simultaneous Precipitation over the Mei-yu–Baiu region

The summer snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and their effects on climate variability are often overlooked,possibly due to the fact that some datasets cannot properly capture summer snow cover over high terrain.The satellite-derived Equal-Area Scalable Earth grid （EASE-grid） dataset shows that snow still exists in summer in the western part and along the southem flank of the TP.Analysis demonstrates that the summer snow cover area proportion （SCAP） over the TP has a significant positive correlation with simultaneous precipitation over the mei-yu-baiu （MB） region on the interannual time scale.The close relationship between the summer SCAP and summer precipitation over the MB region could not be simply considered as a simultaneous response to the Silk Road pattern and the SST anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean and tropical central-eastern Pacific.The SCAP anomaly has an independent effect and may directly modulate the land surface heating and,consequently,vertical motion over the western TP,and concurrently induce anomalous vertical motion over the North Indian Ocean via a meridional vertical circulation.Through a zonal vertical circulation over the tropics and a Kelvin wave-type response,anomalous vertical motion over the North Indian Ocean may result in an anomalous high over the western North Pacific and modulate the convective activity in the western Pacific warm pool,which stimulates the East Asia-Pacific （EAP） pattern and eventually affects summer precipitation over the MB region.     

Effects of interannual salinity variability on the barrier layer in the western-central equatorial Pacific: A diagnostic analysis from Argo

ABSTRACT In this paper, interannual variations in the barrier layer thickness （BLT） are analyzed using Argo three-dimensional temperature and salinity data, with a locus on the effects of interannually varying salinity on the evolution of the El Nifio Southern Oscillation （ENSO）. The interannually varying BLT exhibits a zonal seesaw pattern across the equatorial Pacific during ENSO cycles. This phenomenon has been attributed to two different physical processes. During E1 Nifio （La Nifia）, the barrier layer （BL） is anomalously thin （thick） west of about 160°E, and thick （thin） to the east. In the western equatorial Pacific （the western part： 130°-160°E）, interannual variations of the BLT indicate a lead of one year relative to those of the ENSO onset. The interannual variations of the BLT can be largely attributed to the interannual temperature variability, through its dominant effect on the isothermal layer depth （ILD）. However, in the central equatorial Pacific （the eastern part： 160~E- 170~W）, interannual variations of the BL almost synchronously vary with ENSO, with a lead of about two months relative to those of the local SST. In this region, the interannual variations of the BL are significantly affected by the interannually varying salinity, mainly through its modulation effect on the mixed layer depth （MLD）. As evaluated by a onedimensional boundary layer ocean model, the BL around the dateline induced by interannual salinity anomalies can significantly affect the temperature fields in the upper ocean, indicating a positive feedback that acts to enhance ENSO.     

Numerical experiments on the impact of spring north pacific SSTA on NPO and unusually cool summers in Northeast China

A set of numerical experiments designed to analyze the oceanic forcing in spring show that the combined forcing of cold （warm） El Ni（n）o （La Ni（n）a） phases in the Ni（n）o4 region and sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTA） in the westerly drifts region would result in abnormally enhanced NorthEast Cold Vortex （NECV） activities in early summer.In spring,the central equatorial Pacific El Ni（n）o phase and westerly drift SSTA forcing would lead to the retreat of non-adiabatic waves,inducing elliptic low-frequency anomalies of tropical air flows.This would enhance the anomalous cyclone-anticyclonecyclone-anticyclone low-frequency wave train that propagates from the tropics to the extratropics and further to the mid-high latitudes,constituting a major physical mechanism that contributes to the early summer circulation anomalies in the subtropics and in the North Pacific mid-high latitudes.The central equatorial Pacific La Ni（n）a forcing in the spring would,on the one hand,induce teleconnection anomalies of high pressure from the Sea of Okhotsk to the Sea of Japan in early summer,and on the other hand indirectly trigger a positive low-frequency East Asia-Pacific teleconnection （EAP） wave train in the lower troposphere.     

2011年初贵州持续低温雨雪冰冻天气成因研究

2011年1月贵州再次出现仅次于2008年初的低温雨雪冰冻天气,过程长达32天,伴随3次明显的冷空气影响,具有持续时间长、间断性突出、中期降雪突出的特点。本文利用NCEP（美国国家环境预报中心）1°×1°再分析资料、2.5°×2.5°再分析资料、MICAPS（气象信息综合分析处理系统）观测资料,对2011年1月发生在贵州的低温雨雪冰冻天气进行了分析。分析表明：（1）2011年1月北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,极涡偏于东半球,亚欧地区位势高度距平呈“北高南低”;亚欧中高纬度出现了2次强大、稳定、持久的阻塞高压;（2）副热带南支锋区活跃,12月31日～1月2日、1月9～11日、17～20日、27～29日有4次活跃期,水汽输送具有间断性特点;（3）维持在25°N附近的低层切变为低温雨雪天气的发生提供了辐合条件,地面上稳定持久的准静止锋是低温雨雪天气发生的重要影响系统;（4）强冻雨、冰粒及降雪天气的温度场、锋区结构、大气运动状况等存在差异。出现强冻雨天气时,锋面逆温高度最低、逆温梯度最大、逆温厚度最薄,逆温区有较厚的暖层,云层伸展高度在600 hPa以下,气流上升区高度低,具有暖云降水的特点。出现冰粒天气时,锋面逆温高度较低、逆温梯度大、逆温厚度较薄,逆温区有浅薄的暖层,云层伸展高度较高,气流上升区高度较低,也具有暖云降水的特点;出现降雪天气时,锋面逆温高度较高、逆温梯度最小、逆温厚度薄,逆温区无暖层,云层伸展高度超过500 hPa,具有深厚的垂直上升运动和冷云降水的特点。     

梅雨锋云系的模态研究I：主导模态

利用经验正交函数（EOF）分解方法,对1998～2008年梅雨活跃期共16次过程每3 h间隔的静止卫星云顶亮温（也称相当黑体亮度温度,即Black Body Temperature,以下简称TBB）的距平场进行计算,获得了梅雨锋云系的主要模态。经检验,前7个模态为独立模态,方差贡献分别为7.78%、5.83%、5.20%、4.27%、4.19%、3.62%和3.36%。这7个独立模态反映梅雨期间云系主要的异常特征。各模态相似云图中的云系与气候态相比出现位置偏移与形状变化,表明梅雨锋云系随主导环流系统的演变而发生断裂、减弱、消散、重建的过程。从各模态相应的大气环流配置来看,气候态梅雨锋云系对应的大气环流为三阻型梅雨形势。另外7个主导模态的大气环流基本可以划分为两类,一类为阻塞高压型,中高纬地区存在阻塞高压活动,在第2模态正位相,第4模态负位相,第5模态正位相和第6模态正、负位相以及第7模态正位相对应的500 hPa环流形势上都可以看到这一特点;另一类为槽脊型,中高纬地区阻塞高压活动不明显,等高线为一槽两脊或两槽一脊型分布,与这种环流形势相关的模态有第1模态正、负位相,第2模态负位相,第3模态负位相,第4模态正位相,第5模态负位相和第7模态负位相。     

2013年梅雨监测及近50年江西梅雨气候特征

利用1959—2013年江西梅雨监测区37站降水量、气温资料和500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压脊线日平均位置资料,根据《梅雨监测业务规定》的相关指标,对2013年江西梅雨进行监测,并采用EOF等方法分析江西梅雨气候特征。结果表明:1)江西于2013年5月25日正式入梅,于6月29日结束,梅雨期总雨量为420.9 mm,梅雨强度为0.58。2)江西梅雨的时空变化特征是北部地区梅雨量的全区一致型分布占总方差的77.8%,将江西北部地区作为一个整体来分析其梅雨量的时空变化特征是合理的。3)江西气候平均入梅日为6月8日,出梅日为7月1日,梅雨季长度为23 d,梅雨量为352.7 mm,梅雨强度为-0.18。入梅日期、出梅日期、梅雨季长度和梅雨强度与梅雨量特征量之间存在显著的相关关系,入梅越早,出梅越晚,梅雨期长度越长,梅雨强度越强,梅雨量就越大。4)梅雨各特征量存在显著的年际和年代际变化特征,5个梅雨特征量具有相同的2—3 a周期变化,另外还主要存在6—8 a、13—15 a和21—23 a周期变化,但各参数在1959—2013年的不同时段具有不同的显著性。     

海表面盛行风背景下大气对黑潮海洋锋的响应特征

采用一系列高分辨率的卫星资料,应用高通滤波等方法,研究了春季不同海表面盛行风背景下,东海黑潮海洋锋区附近的海气关系。观测分析表明:在东海,春季3种不同海表面盛行风条件下海表面温度与海表面风速之间都存在明显的正相关关系,表现为海洋对大气的强迫作用。大气对海洋锋的响应在3种不同盛行风条件下也存在明显的差异。在西北盛行风和东南盛行风背景下,即当风向垂直于海洋锋由冷侧(暖侧)吹向暖侧(冷侧)时,海表面风的辐散(辐合)出现在海洋锋上空。同时,海洋锋对海平面气压(SLP)、降水和对流活动的影响较弱,表明大气对海洋锋的响应主要局限在大气边界层内。在东北盛行风背景下,即当风平行于海洋锋时,在海洋锋的暖(冷)水侧上空为海表面风的辐合(辐散),并与SLP的异常低(高)值相对应,主要雨带出现在黑潮暖舌上空。无论从总降水还是层云、对流降水频次的空间分布来看,盛行东北风时,海表面温度对其上雨带的影响最为明显。分析结果还表明,在不同盛行风背景下,海洋锋附近的海气关系由不同的物理机制在起主导作用。当盛行平行于海洋锋的东北风时,主要由SLP调整机制起作用;而盛行垂直于海洋锋的西北风时则主要由垂直混合机制起作用。