人类活动在干旱区绿洲地区环境退化中的作用─—以黑河下游为例

绿洲是干旱区最重要的景观类型,由于气候干旱、水资源贫乏,系统往往具有生态脆弱性质。作者通过对黑河流域的野外考察和分析认为,人类活动在干旱区绿洲地区环境退化中起重要作用。黑河发源于祁连山,全长821km,干流穿过河西走廊,向北注人居延海。流域位于河西走廊中段,由三个景观单元组成：1)上游祁连山区,由山地森林、灌丛和草地景观构成;2)中游走廊地区,以平原绿洲景观为主;3)下游金塔盆地及阿拉善高原,以高平原荒漠景观为主,沙漠、戈壁广布,有小面积绿洲分布。黑河原属外流河,中更新世晚期以来水量逐渐减少,变为内陆河。种植业出现以前,河流水系为自然水系,中下游分布着天然绿洲。汉代时灌溉农业产生,进人农牧业交     

中国雨季的气候学特征

利用全国740站日降水资料,采用多种统计学方法,对两湖流域雨季降水特征进行了分析。结果表明：(1)两湖流域年降水序列可分为5个阶段,其中主雨季从4月的第2候开始,持续到7月的第1候。两湖流域雨季较江淮梅雨来得早,持续的时间长。(2)雨季内以出现2个和3个主雨期模态的可能性较大。其中2个主雨期一般出现在5月上、中旬及6月中、下旬,这种模态在上世纪60年代、90年代表现明显;3个主雨期一般出现在4月中旬、5月中下旬到6月初与6月下旬至7月初,该模态在20世纪60年代后期至70年初、80年代中后期表现明显。(3)两湖流域雨季内降水的准双周(10~20 d)、30~60 d低频振荡现象明显。准双周振动在雨季中表现为5个波动,30~60 d振荡表现为3个完整的波动,波峰分别出现4月上旬、5月上旬及6月中旬,与其降水主模态有较好的对应关系。

     

基于SWAT模型的汉江流域径流模拟

应用SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)分布式水文模型对汉江流域1971-2000年30年逐月径流进行了模拟.结果表明:模型模拟精度高于评价标准(模拟效率Ens>0.5,相关系数r 2>0.6),SWAT模型适用于汉江流域的径流模拟;水量平衡各要素中,30年月、年平均蒸散发量、地表径流量、土壤对地下水补给量、土壤含水变化量、地下水侧流量分别占降水量的55.97%、25.88%、17.64%、0.26%、0.25%,蒸散发是该流域水量的主要输出项;各月30年平均降水量变化趋势与地表径流量变化趋势较一致,而与基流量变化趋势一致性较差;30年流域降水量年变化趋势与地表径流量、基流量的变化趋势较一致;30年月、年地表径流量对降水的响应程度高于基流.     

Spatial Variability of Mass Movements in the Satluj Valley,Himachal Pradesh during 1990～2006

Satluj Valley is known to have a history of landslides and related mass movement activities since the geological times. Geological and geomorphological settings combined with anthropogenic activities constitute a propensity towards slope failure. During the last two decades,the area witnessed substantial increase in athropogenic pressure,mainly due to the exploitation of hydropower potential,changing landuse pattern and population growth. In addition,a shift of the climatic patterns in the form of larger area falling under the influence of rains was observed. These natural as well as anthropogenic changes in the area have resulted in increased spatial coverage of landslide in the area. This paper documents these changes during 1990～2006.     

讷河局砂石资源监管扎实有效

讷河市国土资源局把砂石资源监管纳入今年重点工作,把监管工作贯穿到砂石资源产运销各个环节,实行常态化管理,重点对嫩江流域、讷谟尔河流域开展巡查,加大对违法行为的打击力度。     

江苏泰州:护沿江生态 绘水乡美景

2020年12月26日,我国首部流域保护法——《中华人民共和国长江保护法》经十三届全国人大常委会第二十四次会议表决通过,将从2021年3月1日起施行,未来将统筹加强长江流域生态环境保护和修复。消息传来,江苏省泰州市自然资源和规划局局长李兴国欣慰之余也感到责任和压力更大了。     

Livelihood strategy change and land use change —Case of Danzam Village in upper Dadu River watershed, Tibetan Plateau of China

Land use change in rural China since the 1980s, induced by institution reforms, urbanization, industrialization and population increase, has received more attention. However, case studies on how institution reforms affect farmers’ livelihood strategies and drive land use change are scarce. By means of cropland plots investigations and interviews with farmers, this study examines livelihood strategy change and land use change in Danzam Village of Jinchuan County in the upper Dadu River watershed, eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. The results show that, during the collective system period, as surplus labor forces could not be transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, they had to choose agricultural involution as their livelihood strategy, then the farmers had to produce more grains by land reclamation, increasing multiple cropping index, improving input of labor, fertilizer, pesticide and adopting advanced agricultural techniques. During the household responsibility system period, as labors being transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, farmers chose livelihood diversification strategy. Therefore, labor input to grain planting was greatly reduced, which drove the transformation of grain to horticulture, vegetable or wasteland and decrease of multiple cropping index. This study provides a new insight into understanding linkages among institution reforms, livelihood strategy of smallholders and land use change in rural China. Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40601006, 40471009), National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2005CB422006)     

1980—2020年中国九大流域蒸散发及其组分时空评估

蒸散发是地表陆气水分交换的纽带,准确量化蒸散发的时空演变格局对于水资源规划与管理至关重要。本文基于GLEAM模型的蒸散发及其组分数据集,借助7个通量观测站数据、120个流域的流域水量平衡及PML_V2蒸散发产品,在中国九大流域系统评估了GLEAM-ET产品,分析了植被恢复背景下,蒸散发（ET）及其组分（植被蒸腾Ec,截留蒸发Ei,土壤蒸发Es）在1980—2020年的时空演变格局。本文主要得到以下结论：① GLEAM-ET产品在中国九大流域具有较好的适用性,其性能与气候类型有关,干旱区效果优于湿润区。此外,GLEAM与PML_V2模型在九大流域相关性较好（R>0.7）,分布格局与变化趋势整体保持一致。② 全国尺度上,ET均值为416.88 mm,增长速率为1.21 mm/a。Ec与ET均呈自东南向西北递减的分布格局,而Es与其相反。Ec、ET在九大流域均呈显著增加趋势（p<0.001）。Ei、Es在季风区流域分别呈显著增加和显著减小趋势;在内陆区流域呈不显著减小（p>0.05）和显著增加趋势。③在植被恢复背景下,ET组分比例发生了变化。Ec占比变化存在南北差异,南方流域Ec占比均减小,北方流域均增加。Ei占比在各流域均增加,Es占比均减小。黄河流域ET组分对植被恢复的响应最为明显,Ec占比增加了5.21%,Es占比减小了5.56%。     

漓江流域水环境综合治理对策

文章概述了漓江流域水环境现状,分析了存在的主要问题,阐明了流域水灾频繁、水环境污染的成因,指出了流域森林结构欠合理,调蓄能力不足,导致了流域洪涝、干旱频繁,枯水期长,水资源短缺;流域生活与生产排污,造成枯水期水污染。因而需进行深入的科学研究、绿化、兴修水利工程、实施节水技术、严格管理、科学调配水资源等综合举措,实现流域的可持续发展。     

Case history of the disastrous debris flows of Tianmo Watershed in Bomi County,Tibet, China: Some mitigation suggestions

Debris flows and landslides, extensively developing and frequently occurring along Parlung Zangbo, seriously damage the Highway from Sichuan to Tiebt(G318) at Bomi County. The disastrous debris flows of the Tianmo Watershed on Sept. 4, 2007, July 25, 2010 and Sept. 4, 2010, blocked Parlung Zangbo River and produced dammed lakes, whose outburst flow made 50 m high terrace collapse at the opposite bank due to intense scouring on the foot of the terrace. As a result, the traffic was interrupted for 16 days in 2010 because that 900 m highway base was destructed and 430 m ruined. These debris flows were initiated by the glacial melting which was induced by continuous higher temperature and the following intensive rainfall, and expanded by moraines along channels and then blocked Parlung Zangbo. At the outlet of watershed,the density, velocity and peak discharge of debris flow was 2.06 t/m3, 12.7 m/s and 3334 m3/s, respectively. When the discharge at the outlet and the deposition volume into river exceeds 2125 m3/s and 126×103 m3, respectively, debris flow will completely blocked Parlung Zangbo. Moreover,if the shear stress of river flow on the foot of terrace and the inclination angel of terrace overruns 0. 377 N/m2 and 26°, respectively, the unconsolidated terrace will be eroded by outburst flow and collapse. It was strongly recommended for mitigation that identify and evade disastrous debris flows, reduce the junction angel of channels between river and watershed, build protecting wall for highway base and keep appropriate distance between highway and the edge of unconsolidated terrace.