Effects of NOxand VOCs from Five Emission Sources on Summer Surface O3 over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

The impacts of emissions from industry,power plant,transportation,residential,and biogenic sources on daily maximum surface ozone （O3DM） over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei （BTH） region in North China in the summer of 2007 were examined in a modeling study.The modeling system consisted of the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model and the photochemical dispersion model,CAMx.The factor separation technique （FST） was used to quantify the effect of individual emission source types and the synergistic interactions among two or more types.Additionally,the effectiveness of emission reduction scenarios was explored.The industry,power plant,and transportation emission source types were found to be the most important in terms of their individual effects on O3DM.The key contributor to high surface O3 was power plant emissions,with a peak individual effect of 40 ppbv in the southwestern BTH area.The individual effect from the biogenic emission category was quite low.The synergistic effects from the combinations of each pair of anthropogenic emission types suppressed O3 formation,while the synergistic effects for combinations of three were favorable for O3 formation when the industrial and power plant emission source types coexisted.The quadruple synergistic effects were positive only with the combination of power plant,transportation,residential,and biogenic sources,while the quintuple synergistic effect showed only minor impacts on O3DM concentrations.A 30％ reduction in industrial and transportation sources produced the most effective impacts on O3 concentrations,with a maximum decrease of 20 ppbv.These results suggested that the synergistic impacts among emission source types should be considered when formulating emission control strategies for O3 reduction.     

2011年夏季胶州湾表层溶解有机物荧光特征的时空变化

利用三维荧光光谱技术(EEMs)结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)的方法,对2011年8月至9月胶州湾表层海水溶解有机物荧光特征的时间与空间变化进行了研究。PARAFAC模型共鉴别出四个荧光组分:类蛋白质荧光组分(C1),陆源类腐殖质荧光组分(C2,C4)和海源类腐殖质荧光组分(C3)。类蛋白组分在调查期间的荧光强度最强(0.14±0.06),其余三个组分荧光强度相近(0.07±0.02,0.09±0.02,0.05±0.02)。这四种组分在8月下旬多雨期和9月上旬受径流影响的时期荧光强度较高,在9月下旬雨季影响消退后荧光强度显著降低。研究表明各组分荧光强度总体上与叶绿素a浓度显著正相关,与盐度负相关,说明胶州湾夏季FDOM浓度主要受降雨引发的生物活动影响。     

土壤样品中挥发性有机物的提取方法研究

挥发性有机物(VOCs)在土壤样品中残留浓度低且极易挥发,因此测定时选择合适的提取方法十分重要。文章研究优化了土壤样品中包括卤代烷烃、卤代烯烃和苯类的53种VOCs的提取方法。通过比较酸化、甲醇提取剂浓度和提取体积对土壤中挥发性有机物提取效率的影响,建立了使用4 mL 100%甲醇不酸化提取,顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用测定的分析方法,结果表明,0.10μg/g加标土壤53种VOCs的平均回收率为40.45%～119.73%,精密度(RSD,n=7)为1.26%～9.14%;1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷、三氯乙烯的回收率欠佳,主要是由于在碱性土壤条件下1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷分解造成的。该方法简便、快速,提取效果较好。但对土壤标准样品CRM 628-030进行提取,烯烃的回收率偏低,达不到给定区间浓度,且无法控制1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷的分解问题,有待于进一步研究。     

Component characteristics of organic matter in hydrothermal barnacle shells from Southwest Indian Ridge

In 2008-2009, hydrothermal barnacle and sediment samples were collected from the Southwest Indian Ridge during a survey of the China Ocean Mineral Resources R＆D Association （COMRA）. Samples were ana- lyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer （GC-MS）, revealing the main organic constituents of hy- drothermal barnacle and sediment to be fatty acids and alkylbenzenes. N-alkanes which possessed obvious even carbon advantage were also detected in hydrothermal sediment. The high concentrations of aromatic compounds might be the result of macromolecular thermal alteration. Microorganism in the submarine hydrothermal ecosystem, especially those related to sulfur metabolism, might be the source of the high con- centrations of fatty acids detected in these samples. In high temperature and high pressure hydrothermal environments, n-alkanes which possessed obvious even carbon advantage might originate from thermal alteration of carboxylic acids and other lipid compounds.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用同时测定饮用水源地水中痕量挥发性有机物

为满足饮用水源地监测要求,采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱法同时测定饮用水源地水中乙醛、环氧氯丙烷、丙烯醛、苯系物等27种挥发性有机物。实验中运用程序升温,在26 min内完成检测,采用全扫描(SCAN)方式扫描,提高了化合物的定性能力。方法检出限均低于我国饮用水源地标准限值,回收率为75.6%~111.0%。     

Chemical characterization and composition of dissolved organic matter in Jiaozhou Bay

Biologically utilizable dissolved organic compounds, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved carbohydrates (DCHO) and dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) were analyzed in filtered surface seawater samples collected at 19 stations in Jiaozhou Bay, China, on June 3, 2007. In these samples, concentrations of DOC, dissolved free carbohydrates (DFCHO), dissolved combined carbohydrates (DCCHO), total dissolved carbohydrates (TDCHO) and total dissolved free amino acids (TDFAA) ranged from 141.7 to 191.1 μmol C/L, 1.98 to 18.18 μmol C/L, 5.04 to 24.90 μmol C/L, 14.52 to 30.36 μmol C/L, and 1.83 to 11.89 μmol C/L, respectively. As a major component of the dissolved carbohydrates, the concentrations of DCCHO were about three times higher than those of DFCHO. Three major constituents of the DFAA were threonine (23.0±5.7 mol%), glutamic acid (16.6±3.2 mol%) and arginine (9.1±3.3 mol%). Based on the composition of DFAA, a molar C:N ratio of 3.60±0.75 in DFAA was derived, indicating longer carbon chains in the amino acids. DCCHO (8.1%) was the most abundant fraction of DOM in most samples, followed by DFCHO (4.8%) and TDFAA (2.7%). These DOM concentrations displayed a decreasing trend from the coast to the central region. Significant correlations were found between the DCCHO and DFCHO concentrations (r=-0.724, n=19, P<0.001) and the DCCHO and TDCHO concentrations (r=0.506, n=19, P=0.027).     

重点行业企业用地地下水中60种挥发性有机物的测定分析方法研究

建立了吹扫捕集—气相色谱质谱法测定重点行业企业用地地下水中60种挥发性有机物的分析方法.采用屈臣氏双蒸水作为空白水,选择离子与全扫描模式交替方式进行定性定量,确定了保护剂的种类和用量,优化了吹扫捕集条件.方法检出限范围在0.3～1.2μg/L.该方法的线性范围为0～250μg/L,相关系数R²在0.9907～0.9999之间,3种不同浓度的加标平均回收率为87.2%～117%,相对标准偏差在1.7%～9.7%之间,优于《重点行业企业用地调查质量保证与质量控制技术规定(试行)》对地下水挥发性有机物的质控要求.本方法增加了VOCs的测试种类,线性范围宽,灵敏度高,适合于各类重点行业企业用地地下水中60种挥发性有机物的快速批量分析.     

水体中痕量挥发性有机物单体碳同位素组成的固相微萃取-冷阱预富集GC-IRMS分析

单体碳同位素分析是进行污染物来源判识与过程示踪的有力工具 ,然而有机污染物浓度低、难以萃取富集 ,极大地限制了该技术的广泛应用 .采用固相微萃取 -冷阱富集GC -IRMS技术对水中痕量挥发性有机物进行了单体碳稳定同位素分析 ,样品经SPME萃取富集后在色谱进样口冷冻成形 ,样品多次进样得以累积从而满足了检测限的要求 .本方法检出限较目前文献所报道的SPME方法提高了 1个数量级 .在优化的条件下 ,对低浓度的三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、苯以及甲苯的水溶液进行了单体碳同位素组成测定 ,测定结果与纯液相中的同位素值相比 ,同位素分析误差不超过 0 .5× 10 -3 ,而分析的精度达到± 0 .3× 10 -3 .固相微萃取 -冷阱富集可以提供高效准确的单体碳同位素分析 ,该方法适用于水体中痕量挥发性有机污染物的同位素组成测定 .     

吐哈盆地十红滩铀矿床有机地球化学特征浅析

吐哈盆地十红滩铀矿床属层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床,赋存于中侏罗统西山窑组含煤碎屑岩中。容矿层岩石中富含有机质,有机碳、可溶有机物、酸解吸附烃在不同地球化学分带的岩石中含量大小不同,尤以矿石带含量最高。矿石有机质母质类型为腐殖型,处于未成熟演化阶段,酸解吸附烃为煤成气型。统计计算表明:容矿层中铀和可溶有机物、酸解吸附烃含量之间具明显的相关关系。分析了有机质在砂岩型铀矿床形成过程中的作用,认为容矿层中有机质在含氧环境下分解的产物利于铀在水中的溶解和迁移,而在缺氧条件下分解的产物,构成铀沉淀的还原和吸附地球化学障,在铀的成矿过程中发挥重要的作用。     

基于随机森林的内陆湖泊水体有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)浓度遥感估算

水体中的有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)是湖泊生态系统中氮、磷等有机营养物质的重要来源,利用卫星遥感数据反演内陆水体中CDOM浓度一直是个挑战.因此本文基于滇池2009年9月、2017年4月以及太湖2016年7月的现场原位观测和室内实验,在分析水体固有光学特性的基础上,引入机器学习算法,建立了基于哨兵-3A OLCI传感器的我国内陆湖泊水体CDOM浓度随机森林反演模型.利用独立的验证数据集对所构建的随机森林模型及常用的波段比值模型、一阶微分模型、半分析模型、BP神经网络模型等的反演精度进行评价.结果表明:随机森林模型的均方根误差为0.14 m-1,平均相对误差为21%,与反演效果相对较好的BP神经网络模型相比,均方根误差降低了50%,平均相对误差降低了38%,反演精度得到了显著的提高.根据随机森林算法的特征重要性参数提供的各自变量影响力结果,发现B11(709 nm)和B6(560 nm)波段贡献率最大,是反演CDOM的敏感波段.最后将随机森林模型应用到滇池2017年4月12日、太湖2017年5月18日的哨兵-3A OLCI影像上,得到滇池、太湖水体CDOM浓度分布图.滇池CDOM浓度的分布特征大致符合东北、西南高,中西部低的趋势,且河口处的CDOM浓度高于湖泊水体,表明径流的输入给滇池水体带来了大量的CDOM.太湖CDOM浓度的分布特征大致符合西部高,湖心区和东部低的趋势.太湖西部以及北部梅梁湾受入湖河流影响较大,CDOM浓度较高,太湖开敞区远离河口处,受外源河流的影响逐渐减小,且由于湖水的不断稀释,CDOM浓度不断降低.太湖东部水生植物很多,湖水较为清澈,CDOM浓度较低.