近50年果洛地区积雪的气候特征分析

利用果洛6县自建站至2011年近50年的地面积雪日数、积雪深度等资料,对果洛积雪的气候特征进行了较为全面的分析。通过气候倾向率的分析发现:近50年来,果洛地区玛沁、达日、班玛、久治的积雪日数呈增加趋势,玛多变化不大,甘德每十年减少1.2天。从最长积雪日数、积雪深度的资料分析看:玛多、甘德、达日、久治是最易发生雪灾的地区,其中玛多、甘德、达日是特大雪灾的易发地;玛沁、班玛是出现雪灾最少的地方。从积雪增量的变化看近50年来果洛积雪增量经历了一次由多到少的转变过程,积雪增量的这种变化与积雪日数的年变化相一致。     

广西大气能见度气候特征分析

对1980至2012年广西85个县市能见度资料进行统计分析得出：广西主要城市及其周边地区能见度较低,边远山区及边境地区较高,呈现东部低、西部高的特点;广西近32a能见度年均值在14.4至18.2km之间,总体呈下降趋势.一年之中,能见度夏季高、冬季低,汛期能见度明显好于非汛期;能见度与气象要素的相关分析表明,能见度与温度、风速成正比,与压强、降水、湿度成反比.     

地形地貌发育时间与古地形反演

地形地貌是构造过程与地表过程等相互竞争的结果,古地形重建与地貌演化研究将有助于理解这些过程及其相互作用关系。传统的地形地貌演化研究多基于14 C、释光、磁性地层等定年手段,定性或半定量地分析构造活动与地表侵蚀对地形地貌发育的影响。随着相关技术手段的发展,低温热年代学方法已不仅仅局限于构造地质学领域的造山带构造-热演化历史研究,目前已用于重建地形地貌演化历史。基于这一背景,在概述低温热年代学基本原理的基础上,结合自己的研究,主要介绍了该方法在地形地貌发育时间、古地形反演等方面的研究进展以及研究中需要注意的一些问题。文章最后指出,寻求具有更低封闭温度的低温热年代学测年体系是这方面研究的努力方向。     

山东沿海偏北大风的天气学模型和物理量特征

应用观测资料和MICAPS3气象资料显示系统,分析研究了近十年山东沿海7级以上偏北大风的特征。对两年内36次区域性大风个例,以地面影响系统为主,把偏北大风分为四种类型:冷锋型、温带气旋型、回流冷空气型和北上热带气旋型,建立了偏北大风的天气学模型。分月份、分类型统计分析了偏北大风期间地面气压梯度、锋后冷高压强度、锋前低压强度、高低压之间的气压差、850 hPa锋区强度、850hPa偏北风风速、850hPa24h变温,给出了阈值和平均值;分析研究了各类型9级以上偏北大风气象要素的临界值。对各种类型偏北大风的物理量空间结构和形成机理进行了研究,结果表明:冷锋偏北大风在中低层为较强的下沉运动,低层辐散,有高空动量下传,偏北大风主要是快速南下的冷空气、下沉运动造成的辐散风和高空动量下传的共同作用;气旋型偏北大风在高空为正涡度、低层辐合、整层为上升运动,北大风主要取决于快速旋转的气旋性环流和向气旋中心的辐合运动;回流型偏北大风的中高空为上升,近地面层为下沉,偏北大风主要是低层快速南下的冷空气的水平运动。     

室温宜变，食温要恒

和无边尢际的自然气候相比,居室气候只能算是一种“微气候”,居室温度也只足“微环境温度”。人的许多活动还必须在自然气候下进行,而出入届室,其实就会面临不同天气气候环境的变化．人的身体常常不能完全适应这样的天气气候环境变化,就可能出现各种各样的病症,比如,冬季的感甘及其他呼吸道疾病。     

对流层气溶胶的直接气候效应对平流层的影响

通过WACCM-3模式中气溶胶光学厚度与卫星资料的对比发现,模式可以很好地再现全球气溶胶的主要分布特征,但在一些区域还存在数值上的差异。利用数值试验研究对流层气溶胶的直接气候效应对平流层气候的影响,结果表明:对流层气溶胶对平流层气候有明显影响,平流层化学过程在这一影响中起重要作用,而对流层气溶胶对平流层辐射的影响不是其直接气候效应对平流层影响的主要原因。其机制可能是对流层气溶胶改变对流层的辐射平衡,影响对流层的温度和大气环流,进而影响行星波的上传,使得平流层气候发生变化;影响区域主要位于高纬度和极地地区,南半球的变化比北半球大,温度变化最大达10 K,纬向风变化最大可达12 m/s,臭氧体积分数最多减少0.8×10-6。     

Effects of meridional sea surface temperature changes on stratospheric temperature and circulation

Using a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model,we analyzed the atmospheric responses to increases in sea surface temperature （SST）.The results showed that increases in SST and the SST meridional gradient could intensify the subtropical westerly jets and significantly weaken the northern polar vortex.In the model runs,global uniform SST increases produced a more significant impact on the southern stratosphere than the northern stratosphere,while SST gradient increases produced a more significant impact on the northern stratosphere.The asymmetric responses of the northern and southern polar stratosphere to SST meridional gradient changes were found to be mainly due to different wave properties and transmissions in the northern and southern atmosphere.Although SST increases may give rise to stronger waves,the results showed that the effect of SST increases on the vertical propagation of tropospheric waves into the stratosphere will vary with height and latitude and be sensitive to SST meridional gradient changes.Both uniform and non-uniform SST increases accelerated the large-scale Brewer-Dobson circulation （BDC）,but the gradient increases of SST between 60°S and 60°N resulted in younger mean age-of-air in the stratosphere and a larger increase in tropical upwelling,with a much higher tropopause than from a global uniform 1.0 K SST increase.     

An Overview of BCC Climate System Model Development and Application for Climate Change Studies

This paper reviews recent progress in the development of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model(BCC-CSM) and its four component models(atmosphere,land surface,ocean,and sea ice).Two recent versions are described:BCC-CSM1.1 with coarse resolution(approximately 2.8125°×2.8125°) and BCC-CSM1.1(m) with moderate resolution(approximately 1.125°×1.125°).Both versions are fully coupled climate-carbon cycle models that simulate the global terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycles and include dynamic vegetation.Both models well simulate the concentration and temporal evolution of atmospheric CO_2 during the 20th century with anthropogenic CO2 emissions prescribed.Simulations using these two versions of the BCC-CSM model have been contributed to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase five(CMIP5) in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report(AR5).These simulations are available for use by both national and international communities for investigating global climate change and for future climate projections.Simulations of the 20th century climate using BCC-CSMl.l and BCC-CSMl.l(m) are presented and validated,with particular focus on the spatial pattern and seasonal evolution of precipitation and surface air temperature on global and continental scales.Simulations of climate during the last millennium and projections of climate change during the next century are also presented and discussed.Both BCC-CSMl.l and BCC-CSMl.l(m) perform well when compared with other CMIP5 models.Preliminary analyses indicate that the higher resolution in BCC-CSM1.1(m) improves the simulation of mean climate relative to BCC-CSMl.l,particularly on regional scales.     

The Observed and Simulated Major Summer Climate Features in Northwest China and Their Sensitivity to Land Surface Processes

Northwest China （NWC） is a typical arid and semi-arid region. In this study, the main summer climate features over NWC are presented and the performance of an atmospheric general circulation model （NCEP GCM/SSiB） over this region is evaluated. Satellite-derived vegetation products are applied in the model. Based on comparison with observational data and Reanalysis II data, the model generally captures major features of the NWC summer energy balance and circulation. These features include： a high surface tem- perature center dominating the planetary boundary layer; widespread descending motion; an anticyclone （cyclone） located in the lower and middle （upper） troposphere, covering most parts of central NWC; and the precipitation located mainly in the high elevation areas surrounding NWC.
The sensitivity of the summer energy balance and circulation over NWC and surrounding regions to land surface processes is assessed with specified land cover change. In the sensitivity experiment, the degradation over most parts of NWC, except the Taklimakan desert, decreases the surface-absorbed radiation and leads to weaker surface thermal effects. In northern Xinjiang and surrounding regions, less latent heating causes stronger anomalous lower-level anticyclonic circulation and upper-level cyclonic circulation, leading to less summer precipitation and higher surface temperature. Meanwhile, the dry conditions in the Hexi Corridor produce less change in the latent heat flux. The circulation change to the north of this area plays a domi- nant role in indirectly changing lower-level cyclonic conditions, producing more convergence, weaker vertical descending motion, and thus an increase in the precipitation over this region.