THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GENETIC ALGORITHM IN CAPTURING CONDITIONAL NONLINEAR OPTIMAL PERTURBATION WITH PARAMETERIZATION “ON-OFF” SWITCHES INCLUDED BY A MODEL

In the typhoon adaptive observation based on conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP), the ‘on-off’ switch caused by moist physical parameterization in prediction models prevents the conventional adjoint method from providing correct gradient during the optimization process. To address this problem, the capture of CNOP, when the “on-off” switches are included in models, is treated as non-smooth optimization in this study, and the genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced. After detailed algorithm procedures are formulated using an idealized model with parameterization “on-off” switches in the forcing term, the impacts of “on-off” switches on the capture of CNOP are analyzed, and three numerical experiments are conducted to check the effectiveness of GA in capturing CNOP and to analyze the impacts of different initial populations on the optimization result. The result shows that GA is competent for the capture of CNOP in the context of the idealized model with parameterization ‘on-off’ switches in this study. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of GA in capturing CNOP are analyzed in detail.     

从雷击的选择性谈雷电防御

通过对雷击选择性的探讨,提出在日常生活中怎样更好地防御雷电.     

利用起放电模式开展闪电活动的直接预报试验

利用耦合有起电和放电物理过程的中尺度起电放电模式WRF-Electric,开展了华北地区连续3年（2015—2017年）的闪电活动预报试验。结合全国地闪定位观测资料,针对不同影响范围雷暴类型和预报时间,对数值预报结果开展点对点的定量检验,评估模式对闪电活动的预报能力及特点。结果表明:WRF-Electric中尺度模式具备一定的区域闪电活动预报能力,在起报后的6~12 h对闪电活动区域具有较好的预报效果。雷暴落区预报的点对点定量检验中,模式和业务预报在华北主汛期（6—8月）的预报临界成功指数（CSI）均为0.1,模式对于活动范围较小的局地性雷暴过程的预报更具参考价值。模式预报的闪电活动范围相对集中,闪电活动密度偏高,预报的主要问题存在于放电参数化方案的设计。应当考虑到模式空间分辨率对云内电场强度的影响,合理降低闪电参数化中的放电阈值以扩大预报的闪电活动范围。模式在闪电密度的定量预报上还有较大改进空间,单次放电中和电荷量应当更符合观测事实。     

电梯故障分析与排除

1选层定向关门后,轿厢不能启动原因门联锁开关电气接点没有接通,电梯不能启动运行;电梯轿门行稳限位开关没有接通或损坏,启动控制电路被切断,轿厢不能启动运行。排除在控制柜短接门联锁回路,在轿厢或轿顶以“检修”速度逐层检查门锁主、付触点。调整好门锁机构、微动开关或电气     

不同脉冲电流冲击下多级石墨间隙匹配特性研究

针对石墨间隙不同间距的配合使用问题,根据其工作原理并结合汤逊气体放电理论,采用1.2/50 μs开路电压波和8/20μs短路电流波对不同级数的石墨间隙进行试验,结果表明:电压保护水平随着间隙距离的增加而增加,当间隙距离超过2 mm时,电压保护水平远大于IEC规定的2.5 kV.石墨间隙的残压、通流和动作响应时间都随着石...     

常规避雷针与提前放电避雷针的比较

1 引言 防雷是一个系统工程。一套防雷系统包括外部直击雷防护、系统感应雷防护和接地系统。直击雷是最严重的雷害事故根源,人员伤亡、雷击火灾、感应雷击均是由直击雷引起的。因此有效地防止直击雷害成为防雷中最突出的问题。防范直击雷的重要措施是有效地安装合适的避雷针。现在市场上有两类避雷装置,本文通过对两类避雷针的比较,提供科学选用避雷产品的方法。     

提前放电避雷针放电特性冲击试验研究

本文根据Satelit+提前放电避雷针的冲击电压放电试验,分析了提前放电避雷针的放电灵敏度和提前放电避雷针内部提前放电脉冲振荡装置在冲击电压作用后的工作性能,得知Satelit+提前放电避雷针具有显著的引雷作用,比普通避雷针的放电灵敏度高3.7%;提前放电避雷针作为防直击雷设备时,比普通避雷针更能有效地减少雷电的绕击和侧击;提前放电避雷针在高电压冲击后,其提前放电特性仍然存在.     

基于电离层反射的袖珍云闪(CID)三维定位研究

袖珍云闪是一类区别于常规闪电放电过程的特殊放电现象,能够同时产生极强的高频和低频辐射信号,其低频辐射信号在电离层与地面之间反射后能够在电场变化波形上形成电离层反射脉冲对.电离层反射信号与原信号的时间差包含着放电三维位置和电离层高度的信息,而借助于多站闪电探测网络的同步观测就能够反演这些信息.基于这一规律,本文发展了一种对袖珍云闪实现三维定位的新方法.这种方法不仅能够对大范围内的袖珍云闪实现准确的三维定位,同时还能够反演电离层的高度,是一种潜在的研究电离层相关性质的有效手段.通过将定位结果与雷达回波比较,证明这种方法具有较高的精度.利用这种方法,计算了5489例正极性袖珍云闪和1400例负极性袖珍云闪的放电高度,发现正极性袖珍云闪主要集中在7~14 km,而负极性袖珍云闪达到了15~18 km.负极性袖珍云闪的放电高度总体上与对流层顶高度相当,其数量相比于正极性袖珍云闪明显偏少,因此很可能产生于较为罕见的极旺盛的雷暴过程中.     

华北平原地下水动态变化

The groundwater level of 39 observation wells including 35 unconfined wells and 4 confined wells from 2004 to 2006 in North China Plain (NCP) was monitored using automatic groundwater monitoring data loggers KADEC-MIZU II of Japan. The automatic groundwater sensors were installed for the corporation project between China and Japan. Combined with the monitoring results from 2004 to 2006 with the major factors affecting the dynamic patterns of groundwater, such as topography and landform, depth of groundwater level, exploitation or discharge extent, rivers and lakes, the dynamic regions of NCP groundwater were gotten. According to the dynamic features of groundwater in NCP, six dynamic patterns of groundwater level were identified, including discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, lateral recharge-runoff-discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, recharge-discharge pattern in the central channel zone, precipitation infiltration-evaporation pattern in the shallow groundwater region of the central plain, lateral recharge-evaporation pattern in the recharge-affected area along the Yellow River and infiltration-discharge-evaporation pattern in the littoral plain. Based on this, the groundwater fluctuation features of various dynamic patterns were interpreted and the influencing factors of different dynamic patterns were compared. Foundation: National Natural Sciences Foundation of China, No.40671034; No.40830636 Author: Wang Shiqin (1981–), Ph.D., specialized in hydrology and water resources, water cycle of watershed.     

局部放电检测仪校准器的研制

针对局部放电检测及放电量分度中对校正方波的特殊要求,给出了校准器设计方案和具体电路及其在电力系统中的应用。