清代贵州地区水旱灾害序列重建及其时空格局演变

依据历史文献资料,运用数理统计和空间分析方法等探究清代贵州地区水旱灾害的时空分布演化规律。结果显示：(1)清代贵州地区发生水旱灾害共计1 416次,轻、中、重度3个等级分别占总频次的24.71%、46.75%和28.53%;(2)清代贵州地区共经历过17世纪50年代、19世纪10年代和90年代3个干旱期;水旱多发于夏季,跨季节灾害以跨春夏秋冬四季的旱灾为主;(3)在府域尺度上,遵义府（今遵义市）水旱灾害频次最高,松桃厅（今松桃县）最低;水灾分布较广泛,旱灾分布较集中,水灾频次和旱灾频次呈正相关;(4)依据平均旱涝指数,衡量相对干湿程度;旱区呈点状分布且面积逐渐缩小,涝区面积逐渐扩大;(5)清代贵州水旱灾害分布受气候因素、人口格局和社会环境等多重因素影响;干冷气候是水旱灾害的催化剂,其他自然灾害是水旱灾害的诱发器;水旱灾害集中在人口密度高的坝子和水陆交通沿线;不合理的农业政策、畸形的种植结构、失效的荒政制度加剧了受灾程度。     

Mapping daily temperature and precipitation in the Qilian Mountains of northwest China

Daily meteorological data are the critical inputs for distributed hydrological and ecological models. This study modified mountain microclimate simulation model （MTCLIM） with the data from 19 weather stations, and compared and validated two methods （the MTCLIM and the modified MTCLIM） in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China to estimate daily temperature （i.e., maximum temperature, minimum temperature） and precipitation at six weather stations from i January 2000 to 31December 2009. The algorithm of temperature in modified MTCLIM was improved by constructing the daily linear regression relationship between temperature and elevation, aspect and location information. There are two steps to modify the MTCLIM to predict daily precipitation： firstly, the linear regression relationship was built between annual average precipitation and elevation, location, and vegetation index; secondly, the distance weight for measuring the contribution of each weather station on target point was improved by average wind direction during the rainy season. Several regression analysis and goodness-of-fit indices （i.e., Pearson＇s correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, root-mean-square error and modelingefficiency） were used to validate these estimated values. The result showed that the modified MTCLIM had a better performance than the MTCLIM. Therefore, the modified MTCLIM was used to map daily meteorological data in the study area from 2000 to 2009. These results were validated using weather stations with short time data and the predicted accuracy was acceptable. The meteorological data mapped could become inputs for distributed hydrological and ecological models applied in the Qilian Mountains.     

Historical Sediment Record of ~(137)Cs, δ-HCH,and δ~(13)C Reflects the Impact of Land Use on Soil Erosion

This paper reports the concentrations of 137 Cs, hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDT) and its main degradation products, δ13C, and organic carbon in pond sediments(0-210 cm, sectioned by 2-20 cm interval) and surface soils(the 0-3 cm horizon) collected in 2010 from Chenjia catchment, which is located in Yanting county in the hilly central Sichuan of China. α-, δ-, and γ-HCH, DDT, and DDD were not detected throughout the sediment profile. Trace concentrations of δ-HCH(0.89-29.31 ng g-1) and p,p′-DDE(1.85-6.02 ng g-1) were detected only in top 40 cm sediment. The 137 Cs fallout peak in 1963(corresponding to the 55-60 cm depth), the sedimentary signature left by the last year of HCH use in 1989(an additional indicator at 20-25 cm), and the obvious original channel bed prior to the construction of the pond in 1956 were used as temporal markers to estimate changes in average sedimentation rate between different periods due to changes in land use. Continuous, marked decrease in average sedimentation rate(i.e., 3.79, 1.35 and 1.07 cm year-1 in 1956-1963, 1963-1989, and 1989-2010, respectively)over time was observed, probably due to the reforestation, abandoning of steep sloping farmland for afforestation and natural re-vegetation(implementation of the Grain for Green Program), and the conversion of part of gently sloping farmland terraces to orchard land since the 1980 s, especially since the 1990 s. This was corroborated by the observed decrease(more negative) in δ13C of sediment towards the surface, which indicates increased relative contribution of eroded soil particles coming from slopes with increased tree cover in sediment source area. Combined use of 137 Cs, δ-HCH, and δ13C record in sediments has been demonstrated to be a powerful approach to reconstruction of response in sedimentation rate to historical land use changes.     

汶泗河冲洪积扇松散层现场热响应试验数据分析及应用——以兖州市南郊试验场为例

现场热响应试验是获取岩土体热物性参数的主要方法之一,可为试验场区地源热泵工程地埋管换热器类型及长度的选择,浅层地热能评价和开发利用提供基础数据。该文系统介绍了现场热响应试验的目地任务、试验装置、原理、内容和步骤,数据处理方法,并以位于汶泗河冲洪积扇中上流地区的兖州市南郊试验场松散层现场热响应试验为例,介绍了试验场区水文地质条件,试验过程、试验数据分析及应用。     

51a河北省降水时空分布及变化特征

利用经验正交函数分解(EOF)、Mann-kendall突变性检验、滑动T检验、最大熵谱分析等方法,分析了河北省1961-2011年降水量的变化情况,结果表明:河北省年降水量空间分布不均,在燕山和太行山迎风坡一侧降水量较大,其中承德南部、唐山、秦皇岛年平均降水量较多,超过600 mm,张家口和承德北部年平均降水量较少,不足400 mm,各区降水量主要呈下降趋势,除故城、盐山、黄骅、昌黎、唐山、滦县、遵化外,大部分台站下降趋势不显著;河北省年降水量的空间分布既有"一致型",也存在"南北型";在时间变化上,除夏季降水量显著减少,5月(8月)显著增加(减少)外,年及其他月季降水量增减不明显;河北省年降水量整体存在2~3 a左右的变化周期,在1996年存在突变现象,而各季节降水量的变化有所不同。河北省降水量的时空特征符合河北地形特点及大尺度气候系统的变化规律。     

西藏那曲地区40多年来降水趋势变化气候分析

利用藏北高原西藏那曲地区6个气象站1971—2011年逐年月降水量、降水日数资料,通过线性倾向估计、多阶曲线模拟和Mann-Kendall法等气候统计学诊断方法,对近41年来降水趋势变化的地理分布以及年内、年际变化规律进行了分析,并进行突变检测。结果表明:近41年来,那曲地区年降水量总体呈增加趋势,经历了由偏少到偏多的2个周期;降水增加夏季最明显,各站在6.48~20.40 mm/(10 a),冬季变化很小;日降水量≥0.1 mm日数年际周期变化与降水量变化基本一致,增加趋势空间分布呈东南向西北递减形势;自1996年开始各站降水增加趋势明显,1999年发生气候突变可能性较大。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation based on corrected TRMM data around the Hexi Corridor, China

Accurate rainfall distribution is difficult to acquire based on limited meteorological stations, especially in remote areas like high mountains and deserts. The Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions （including the Qilian Mountains and the Alxa Plateau） are typical districts where there are only 30 available rain gauges. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） data provide a possible solution. After precision analysis of monthly 0.25 degree resolution TRMM 3B43 data from 1998 to 2012, we find that the correlations between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge precipitation are significant overall and in each station around the Hexi Corridor; however, the biases of annual precipitation differ in different stations and are seriously overestimated in most of the sites. Thus, Inverse Distance Weighting （IDW） interpolation method was used to rectify TRMM data based on the difference between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge observations. The results show that rectified TRMM data present more details than rain gauges in remote areas where there are few stations, alt- hough they show high coherence of distribution. Precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest on an annual and seasonal scale. There are three rainfall centers （〉500 mm） including Menyuan, Qilian and Toson Lake, and two low rain- fall centers （〈50 mm） including Dunhuang and Ejin Banner. Meanwhile, precipitation in most of the study area presents an increasing trend; especially in northern Qilian Mountains （〉5 mm/a）, Badain Jaran Desert （〉2 mm/a）, Toson Lake （〉20 mm/a） and Qingtu Lake （〉20 ram/a） which shows a significant increasing trend, while precipitation in Hala Lake （〈-2 mm/a） and Tengger Desert （〈-3 mm/a） demonstrates a decreasing trend.     

气候特点概述

<正>2013年10—12月,江西省总的气候特点是:气温前高后低,降水前少后多,日照时数偏多。主要天气气候事件有:秋季持续少雨,鄱阳湖水域面积为近10 a同期最小;12月出现同期罕见大范围暴雨。1气候概况1.1气温。10—12月全省平均气温为13.9℃,较常年同期平均偏高0.2℃。其中赣北13.6℃,偏高0.4℃;赣中13.6℃,偏高0.1℃;赣南15.0℃,偏低0.2℃。10—12月全省平均气温分别为20.0、14.5、7.2℃,与常年同期相比,10、11月偏高0.5、0.9℃,12月偏低0.8℃。1.2降水。10—12月全省平均降水量为199.8 mm,较常年同期平均偏多9%。各地降水分布不均,赣北大部偏少,赣中、赣南偏多。10—12月全省平均降水量分别为19.1、94.8、85.9 mm,10月偏少70%、11、12月偏多33%、80%。1.3日照。10—12月全省平均日照时数为485.9 h,较常年     

气候特点概述

<正>2014年4—6月,江西省总的气候特点是:气温偏高、降水略多、日照偏少。主要天气气候事件:4—6月中南部气温异常偏高,5月暴雨、强降水过程频繁,导致局部灾情较重。1气候概况1.1气温。4—6月全省平均气温为22.9℃,较常年同期平均偏高0.7℃,为历史同期第6高位。4、5、6月全省平均气温分别为19.6、22.7、26.3℃,较常年同期相比,4、6月偏高1.6、0.5℃,5月持平。     

基于GAMIT的GPS数据处理系统设计与气象应用

介绍了基于GAMIT的导航卫星气象学GPSMET(Global Positioning System METeorology)数据处理的设计内容和实现方法,并且通过解算实时数据验证了该系统设计的合理性和功能的可用性。该系统设计主要包括数据接收与处理、数据处理的核心模块、系统监控和产品应用等模块。系统通过接收原始的观测数据,经过数据处理后,反演出可降水量PWV(Precipitable Water Vapor)值,同时系统还可以提供单站水汽变化曲线产品、多站水汽产品和全省水汽分布图,可以给预报员直接应用于天气预报分析。