粗糙元几何参数的交互作用对床面空气动力学粗糙度的影响

 为了全面地揭示粗糙元的所有几何参数的交互作用对空气动力学粗糙度的影响,利用风洞实验研究了粗糙元高度、密度、高度与间距比、孔隙度和方向比率等几何参数交互作用对空气动力学粗糙度的影响。结果表明,密实和孔隙粗糙元的无量纲空气动力学粗糙度（空气动力学粗糙度度/粗糙元高度）均可表示为粗糙元密度/等效密度的正比例函数,而比例系数反映了粗糙元几何参数交互作用。据此,该研究发展了一个全面反映粗糙元高度h、密度/等效密度λ、高度与行间距比Sp和方向比率AR等几何参数交互作用的空气动力学粗糙度模式:Z0h=-0.0028+0.5403S0.32p·AR-0.07·λ。该模式改进了模拟的精度,扩大了适用范围。     

贵州2011年4月15日冰雹大风天气成因分析

利用实况观测资料、多普勒雷达资料、TBB资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等对2011年4月15日发生在贵州西南部的强对流天气过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:此次强对流天气过程是在高空槽、低层切变线和地面中尺度辐合线的配合下产生的,上层干冷、下层暖湿的对流不稳定层结有利于强对流天气的产生;强对流天气的发生发展伴随地面辐合线上多个中尺度对流云团的东移南压;雷达回波上回波中心强度较大,强回波伸展高度也有利于强对流天气的发生;对流有效位能和抬升指数对于此次过程有较好的指示意义,强对流天气发生前,CAPE值跃增,LI值由正转为负值,并且CAPE高值中心区和LI的负值中心区与这次过程的强对流天气发生区域吻合;强对流天气发生在能量锋区和湿度锋区的高能高湿区,当日14 h的θse廓线呈"弓"状,结合温度平流、水汽条件和垂直速度的分析得知中高层有干冷空气向下入侵,强对流天气发生时垂直速度伸展很高,促进深对流系统的发展;对湿位涡分析发现强对流天气发生在700 hPa MPV1负值中心与MPV2正值中心之间的区域。     

Wave-dependence of friction velocity,roughness length,and drag coefficient over coastal and open water surfaces by using three databases

The parameterization of friction velocity, roughness length, and the drag coefficient over coastal zones and open water surfaces enables us to better understand the physical processes of air-water interaction. In context of measurements from the Humidity Exchange over the Sea Main Experiment (HEXMAX), we recently proposed wave-parameter dependent approaches to sea surface friction velocity and the aerodynamic roughness by using the dimensional analysis method. To extend the application of these approaches to a range of natural surface conditions, the present study is to assess this approach by using both coastal shallow (RASEX) and open water surface measurements (Lake Ontario and Grand Banks ERS-1 SAR) where wind speeds were greater than 6.44 m s^-1. Friction velocities, the surface aerodynamic roughness, and the neutral drag coefficient estimated by these approaches under moderate wind conditions were compared with the measurements mentioned above. Results showed that the coefficients in these approaches for coastal shallow water surface differ from those for open water surfaces, and that the aerodynamic roughness length in terms of wave age or significant wave height should be treated differently for coastal shallow and open water surfaces.     

Impacts of Future NOx and CO Emissions on Regional Chemistry and Climate over Eastern China

A coupled chemical/dynamical model (SOCOL-SOlar Climate Ozone Links) is applied to study the impacts of future enhanced CO and NOx emissions over eastern China on regional chemistry and climate. The result shows that the increase of CO and NOx emissions has significant effects on regional chemistry, including NOx, CO, O₃, and OH concentrations. During winter, the CO concentration is uniformly increased in the northern hemisphere by about 10 ppbv. During summer, the increase of CO has a regional distribution. The change in O₃, concentrations near eastern China has both strong seasonal and spatial variations. During winter, the surface O₃, concentrations decrease by about 2 ppbv, while during summer they increase by about 2 ppbv in eastern China. The changes of CO, NOx, and O₃, induce important impacts on OH concentrations. The changes in chemistry, especially O₃, induce important effects on regional climate. The analysis suggests that during winter, the surface temperature decreases and air pressure increases in central-eastern China. The changes of temperature and pressure produce decreases in vertical velocity. We should mention that the model resolution is coarse, and the calculated concentrations are generally underestimated when they are compared to measured results. However, because this model is a coupled dynamical/chemical model, it can provide some useful insights regarding the climate impacts due to changes in air pollutant emissions.     

话说秸秆还田的生态效应

每逢三夏三秋,农田中常见狼烟四起。有报道,全国年产7亿吨秸秆,利用的只有约一半,其余大多在田间焚烧。烧秸秆不仅污染空气,损害人体健康,影响交通安全和飞机航班起降,容易引发火灾,还有更严重的后果。     

纳木错水位为何上涨

纳木错,藏语意为“天湖”,地处拉萨市当雄县与那曲地区班戈县境内,背靠南部的念青唐古拉山脉,是西藏三大圣湖之一。素以海拔高、湖面广阔、景色瑰丽著称。纳木错地区位于地势高亢的藏北高原腹地,空气稀薄,氧气少,含氧量相当干海平面的59％,空气干燥少尘,透明度高,大气质量约为海平面的1／2。     

利用MODIS反演四川盆地地表温度与地面 同步气温、地温观测值的相关性试验

通过对MODIS反演的地表温度与四川盆地自动气象站观测的准同步地面空气温度Ta和0 cm地温Ts的相关分析,结果表明：对于非均匀下垫面,卫星反演地表温度TLS分别与Ta和Ts的相关系数稳定性都不好,不同卫星过境时间的相关系数差异很大。但（Ts-TLS）与（Ts-Ta）却有着既显著又稳定的线性相关,不同卫星过境时间的相关系数都达到0.8以上,具有良好的相关性。基于卫星反演地表温度和空气温度的地温统计模型,其标准误差为4.85 ℃。     

利用卫星遥感资料估算区域尺度空气温度

空气温度是地球大气系统能量和水分循环的关键参数,气象台站观测的空气温度是单点观测的,空间代表性较差,在区域尺度模型中应用还存在一些问题,作者提出了一个从卫星遥感资料直接反演空气温度的新方法。基于NOAAAVHRR资料反演的地表温度(Land Surface Temperature,T_(LS))和地面观测的空气温度(Air Temperature,T_a)的相关关系,建立了稀疏植被区域不同高程范围的空气温度遥感估算统计方法;基于NDVI和T_(LS)的梯形空间特征关系,建立了在中、高植被覆盖区域的空气温度遥感估算物理方法。经检验,稀疏植被区域空气温度反演绝对误差在1.5～1.8℃之间,中、高植被覆盖区域空气温度反演平均绝对误差为1.61℃,表明作者提出的空气温度遥感反演方法是可行的。     

一次无地面冷空气触发的西南涡特大暴雨分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°的再分析资料对2007年7月17日重庆西部的特大暴雨天气过程的环流背景、主要影响系统--西南涡的演变进行诊断分析.结果表明:(1)在有利的大尺度环流背景配合下,产生此次过程的主要影响系统为西南涡和低空急流,副热带高压的西进北抬为水汽的输送提供了有利的条件;(2)最强降水时段出现在西南涡的最强盛期,垂直螺旋度的大值中心位置和强弱变化与低涡及强降雨的位置和强度有很好的对应关系;(3)在此次过程中虽然无地面冷空气的触发,但由于高层较强的冷平流形成的干冷盖和低层的暖湿气流与强烈的上升运动的极佳配合,使得强对流天气得以发生,高层的干侵入成为此次过程的触发动力;(4)西南低涡上空的不同高度上不同强度的干侵入效应,使得高层高位涡下传,而高层高位涡区的下传和中低层高位涡区的加强,导致西南低涡的气旋性环流加强,降水增强.     

Difference in the Interdecadal Variability of Spring and Summer Sensible Heat Flux over Northwest China

The present study investigates the difference in interdecadal variability of the spring and summer sensible heat fluxes over Northwest China by using station observations from 1960 to 2000. It was found that the spring sensible heat flux over Northwest China was greater during the period from the late 1970s to the 1990s than during the period from the 1960s to the mid-1970s. The summer sensible heat flux was smaller in the late 1980s through the 1990s than it was in the 1970s through the early 1980s. Both the spring and summer land-air temperature differences over Northwest China displayed an obvious interdecadal increase in the late 1970s. Both the spring and summer surface wind speeds experienced an obvious interdecadal weakening in the late 1970s. The change in the surface wind speed played a more important role in the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux during the summer, whereas the change in the land-air temperature difference was more important for the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux in the spring. This difference was related to seasonal changes in the mean land-air temperature difference and the surface wind speed. Further analysis indicated that the increase in the spring land surface temperature in Northwest China was related to an increase in surface net radiation.