黄山地区短时强降雨的地形增幅机制

应用黄山地区191个地面自动观测站资料,统计分析了201 5年发生在黄山地区短时强降雨时空分布。统计发现:发生短时强降雨过程次数在午后及傍晚(14和18时)时段中明显增多;黄山山脉及其附近是短时强降雨多发生的中心地带,发生短时强降雨次数分布与山脉形态一致、和地形高度相关,短时强降雨与地形关系密切。分别利用三个典型个例分析了山脉地形动力阻拦和热力对短时强降雨的增幅作用,结果表明:(1)山脉地形迎风坡处因地形抬升速度与地面辐合线相配合降雨增强,水汽收支方法诊断计算降雨增量可达6成;(2)锋面过境山脉时垂直扰动增强水平位温梯度增大锋生,在背风坡处地面涡度、上升运动增强,导致降水增幅;(3)山脉西南区域因地面感热通量差异形成热低压,在该区域增暖增湿,大气不稳定增强,受冷平流影响形成强对流天气,导致山区降水增幅。     

江南大陆——扬子江以南之加里东宁山脉

扬子江以南之沅水流域,汨罗水流域,修水流域,乐安江及之江以北,户山黄山以南之地域,亦即桂之极北,黔之东湘之西及北,赣之北,皖之极南,浙之西北,泥盆纪以前地层,包括震旦前纪,震旦纪,寒武纪,奥陶纪及志留纪,分布甚广,造成一约略     

AN OUTLINE OF THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SHANSI

INTRODUCTION The author began his work in Shansi since 1919. The main aim of his work, as was the instruetiou of Dr. V K. Ting, director of The Geological Survey, was to survey a geological map on the scale of one to one million and examine the coal and iron resources which were known as exceptionally     

侵蚀是陆内山脉生长的驱动机制

自然中的山脉作为局部构造特征可以在很长的时间内生长并维持。可是,如果根据现 岩石充变学知识,忽略地表过程,任何陆内山脉,当其宽度超过可以由岩石的强度所支持的程度时,将会在几十百万年内塌陷。例如,考虑由石英为主体的地壳流变性,使其地壳根侧向扩展遥结果,一条初始地形起伏为３ｋｍ高、３００－４００ｋｍ宽的山脉在大约１５Ｍａ内将被消减一半。我们认为地表过程事实上能够阻止这种“地下塌陷”。物质在高地形处的运     

宁镇中段夕卡岩型铜多金属矿床多元信息成矿预测初步研究

宁镇中段铜多金属矿床主要为接触交代型矿床.文章以地质环境和成矿规律研究为基础,采用逻辑信息法综合提取地质、遥感、地球物理和地球化学多层次成矿预测信息,构建逻辑信息法成矿预测要素组合.并以此为指导,按照地质成矿条件有利程度、物化探异常强度与规模、环形构造发育程度、遥感解译蚀变显现强度与规模,进行综合判别确定成矿有利位置,...     

Changes in Agricultural Biodiversity： Implications for Sustainable Livelihood in the Himalaya

Himalayan mountain system is distinguished globally for a rich biodiversity and for its role in regulating the climate of the South Asia.Traditional crop-livestock mixed farming in the Himalaya is highly dependent on forests for fodder and manure prepared from forest leaf litter and livestock excreta. Apart from sustaining farm production, forests provide a variety of other tangible and intangible benefits, which are critical for sustainable livelihood of not only 115 million mountain people, but also many more people living in the adjoining plains. Extension of agricultural landuse coupled with replacement of traditional staple food crops by cash crops and of multipurpose agroforestry trees by fruit trees are widespread changes. Cultivation of Fagopyrum esculentum,Fagopyrum tataricum, Panicum miliaceum, Setaria italica and Pisum arvense has been almost abandoned. Increasing stress on cash crops is driven by a socio-cultural change from subsistence to market economy facilitated by improvement in accessibility and supply of staple food grains at subsidized price by the government. Farmers have gained substantial economic benefits from cash crops. However, loss of agrobiodiversity implies more risks to local livelihood in the events of downfall in market price/demand of cash crops, termination of supply of staple food grains at subsidized price, pest outbreaks in a cash crop dominated homogeneous landscape and abnormal climate years. Indigenous innovations enabling improvement in farm economy by conserving and/enhancing agrobiodiversity do exist, but are highly localized. The changes in agrobiodiversity are such that soil loss and run-off from the croplands have dramatically increased together with increase in local pressure on forests. As farm productivity is maintained with forest-based inputs, continued depletion of forest resources will result in poor economic returns from agriculture to local people,apart from loss of global benefits from Himalayan forests. Interventions including improvement in traditional manure and management of on-farm trees,participatory development of agroforestry in degraded forest lands and policies favoring economic benefits to local people from non-timber forest products could reduce the risks of decline in agricultural biodiversity and associated threats to livelihoods and Himalayan ecosystems.     

New technologies and systems for high quality citrus fruit production,labor-saving and orchard construction in mountain areas of Japan

Novel technologies have been necessary for improving fruit quality and productivity of citrus,labor-saving and orchard conservation on steep slope lands since aging of growers and decrease in the number of successors is remarkable in mountain areas of southwestern Japan. The purpose of this paper is to introduce new technologies for improving citrus production that have been developed in recent years. A new fruit quality control system using drip irrigation and liquid fertilization technique combined with year-round plastic mulching was developed, and it enables high quality and stable citrus fruit production. Water and/or nutrient solution is automatically supplied through drip tubes that are laid under the mulching sheets to give adequate water stress, so as to improve sugar and acid content of fruit. A new transportation system for steep sloping citrus orchards, which is a combination of the monorail system and contour narrow paths, was suggested. A small walking cultivator was developed to explain the procedure of narrow path excavation. After introducing the narrow path, working hours for fertilizer and chemicalherbicide application were reduced. Disasterpr evention mapping of citrus orchards on slope landswas developed based on computer-aided seepage estimation and topographic data. The mapping can show zones of both ascending flow and descendingflow of underground water during heavy rains incitrus orchards. The mapping is considered to be effective for the management of orchards andprevention of erosion on slope lands.     

Systems of agriculture farming in the Uttranchal Himalaya,India

Agricultural practices are the main stay of the people of Uttranchal. Out of the total population,more than 75% people are engaged either with the main occupation of agriculture or its allied practices,dominated by traditional subsistence cereal farming.Among them, the main crops are rice, wheat, millet,barley, all types of pulses, all types of oilseeds and almost all types of fruits. The crops, vegetables and fruits of all varieties are grown in the different climatic zones such as tropical, temperate, and cold because, the region is characterized by the different altitudinal zones elevated from 200 m to more than 8000m. As a result, different climates are found from hot tropical to sub temperate and chilly cold. Pulses varieties are grown extensively. Among vegetables,potato, onion, carrot, all types of green leaf vegetables,brinzal, pumpkin, ladyfinger, pea, gram, radish,ginger, garlic, etc, are grown widely. All fruit varieties are grown in the different altitudinal zones. The mainfruits are orange, malta (a big size of orange),elephant citrus, lemon and all other types of citrus,apple, stone fruits including peach and pears, manykinds of nuts, and the fruits which are grown in the low lying areas. In spite of feasible climatic conditions,agricultural dominant society, and availability of all types of crops, the production and productivity of these crops are very low, even they are unable to meet the grain-need of the people in Uttaranchal. Agricultural crops are grown almost in all the altitudinal zones -- from the low-lying areas, which are called ‘Ga. ngarh‘, to the highly elevated region,where the legendary term is given as ‘Danda‘. The growing seasons vary according to the heights. The present paper aims to discuss the agricultural practices including cropping season, cropping pattern,land use, production of cropsagricultural system in thisand ecological aspect of Himalayan state and suggest some measures for developing farming system,which could lead the sustainability, in terms of meeting the food grain needs of the people on the one hand and restoring the ecological balance on the other.     

大地的眼睛上篇:湖泊之美

如果把我们这个蓝色的星球拟人化,那么刚健挺拔的山脉是他的脊梁,奔流腾跃的江河是他的血脉,宽广无垠的大海是他的胸襟,湖泊呢,毫无疑问,应该是他的眼睛。据我看,对于湖泊,仅仅用四个字来修辞是远远不够的。湖泊有着人类眼睛所能传递出的一切特征：晶莹明澈、安宁静谧、深邃博雅、脉脉含情、热烈奔放、威严矜持、爱憎分明、灵气十足、顾盼生辉、秋波流慧……     

走进天下第一福地——终南山

八百里秦川福地,亿万年造化神功。在我国大陆版图的正中央,自西向东矗立着一座巍峨而壮丽的山脉,这座山脉就是秦岭。它气势雄浑、亘古无双,孕育出辽阔而肥沃的渭河平原,造就出层峦叠嶂、飞瀑流泉、奇峰异洞等众多的自然美景。然而,它别具匠心、情有独钟,把最美的一段留给了山脉的东段——秦岭终南山世界地质公园。