Microphysical Retrieval from Doppler Radar Reflectivity Using Variational Data Assimilation

One of the microphysical variables, the rainwater mixing ratio qr, is retrieved from the observed reflectivity of Doppler radar by a 3D variational data assimilation system. The qr as an analysis variable is obtained by minimizing a cost function defined as the difference between observed radar reflectivity and its retrieval from qr, plus the difference between qr and its background field from a mesoscale model's prediction. Covariance matrix of the background field's error is determined by the so-called NMC method. A method called the second-order auto-regression (SOAR) is used to calculate the coefficients of regressive filtering to fit in with small spatial scale such as cumulus in the process of spatial transformation. An ideal experiment demonstrates the correctness of this system and a sensitivity experiment proves that the random error of observed reflectivity has effect on the analyzed results. At last an experiment with observed data from the Doppler radar at Ma'anshan City in Anhui Province on 19 June 2002 was performed. The retrieved analysis variable qr in this test shows structures in detail, which coincide with the distribution of the echo picture observed by the radar.     

Mesoscale Structure of Rainstorm Retrieved from Dual-Doppler Radar Observations Using the 4DVAR Assimilation Technique

The four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation method was applied to dual-Doppler radar data about two Meiyu rainstorms observed during CHeRES (China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study). The purpose of this study is to examine the performance of the 4DVAR technique in retrieving rainstorm mesoscale structure and to reveal the feature of rainstorm mesoscale structure. Results demonstrated that the 4DVAR assimilation method was able to retrieve the detailed structure of wind, thermodynamics, and microphysics fields from dual-Doppler radar observations. The retrieved wind fields agreed with the dual-Doppler synthesized winds and were accurate. The distributions of the retrieved perturbation pressure, perturbation temperature, and microphysics fields were also reasonable through the examination of their physical consistency. Both of the two heavy rainfalls were caused by merging cloud processes. The wind shear and convergence lines at middle and lower levels were their primary dynamical characteristics. The convective system was often related to low-level convergence and upper-level divergence coupled with up-drafts. During its mature stage, the convective system was characterized by low pressure at lower level and high pressure at upper level, associated with warmer at middle level and colder at lower and upper levels than the environment. However, a region of cooling and high pressure occurred in the lower and middle levels compared to warming and low pressure in the upper level during its dissipating stage. The water vapor, cloud water, and rainwater corresponded to the convergence, the updraft and the intensive reflectivity, respectively.     

气象多普勒雷达测试技术介绍

本文主要通过详细的图示和相关的计算公式,以DW SR 2500C/K为例,介绍了进口多普勒气象雷达的测试和计算,其中包括脉冲宽度、发射频率、脉冲重复频率、峰值功率、接收机信号线性性和动态范围和最小可探测信号的测量等。对于国产气象多普勒雷达的测试从原理和方法上具有参考和充实作用,有普遍的实用价值。     

北京短时局地暴雨多普勒天气雷达观测分析

中小尺度天气系统造成的短时局地暴雨的临近预报目前仍是预报中的难点,也是2008年奥运会提供精细化预报需要进一步研究的问题。了解不同云系的结构及雷达回波的特征,还可以为人工增雨制定最佳作业方案,选择最佳作业时机。用每小时的地面自动站雨量资料结合北京市气象台的多普勒天气雷达资料,查找出造成北京2004年夏季(6~8月)的短时局地暴雨天气的雷达回波单体。对多普勒雷达回波资料分析表明:在多普勒径向速度图上“辐合点”、“中气旋”的图像特征出现有利于局地暴雨发生,并提前于暴雨。对突发性局地暴雨的临近预报有一定的指示意义。     

光波的多普勒横向效应分析

指出一般弹性机械波的多普勒效应可以忽略其相对论效应及横向效应的原因，并从四维波矢对光波的多普勒效应作一般推导和讨论．     

低涡切变影响下云南强降水的中尺度特征分析

分析2002年6月6次强降水过程的逐时GMS-5红外云图TBB资料和加密多普勒雷达回波资料，结果表明：这6次大到暴雨天气过程都是在川滇低涡切变影响下，由中尺度系统造成的。在卫星云图上都是由MCC活动造成的，MCC云顶亮温都低于-75℃。大于40dBz的飑线、涡旋带状回波和中尺度絮状回波团直接产生这6次大到暴雨过程。     

复合风场的单多普勒速度特征

本文对复合风场的单多普勒天气雷达径向速度图象进行模拟，复合风场包括不同风速情况下的大尺度运动的辐合辐散风场与冷暖平流的迭加。不同的风场在单多普勒径向速度场上有着不同的特征，本文的一组模拟，可以帮助用户正确识别单多普勒径向速度场中的有用信息。     

河南一次特大暴雨过程的中尺度特征分析

利用郑州714CD多普勒天气雷达探测资料，结合河南省地面逐时雨量、风场、郑州探空、省区域小图等资料，对2000年7月5－6日发生在新乡、郑州、开封、许昌等地区的特大暴雨过程进行了成因分析，揭示出此次特大暴雨过程具有典型的中尺度扰动及强对流特征。     

单多普勒天气雷达在暴雨临近预报中的应用

利用3824－C单多普勒天气雷达资料，分析了暴雨过程中的中尺度系统：低空急流、暖平流、暖切变、冷切变、逆风区的雷达回波特征；通过对它们的识别及与降水特征、暴雨落区的比较研究，表明这些中尺度系统在暴雨的临近预报中都有明确的指示意义。     

SAR单图像定位原理

根据理论，SAR单图像是无法实现严格意义上的定位，本文介绍的方法是基于地面高程已知条件下的SAR单图像定位原理。即在已知雷达站轨道参数的条件下，如果SAR图像目标点像坐标和对应的高程或者是对应的地面数字高程模型已知，则可应用本文介绍的方法求得该点对应的地面坐标。