Seasonal Variations in Phytoplankton Community Structure in the Sanggou,Ailian, and Lidao Bays

The seasonal variations in phytoplankton community structure were investigated for the Sanggou Bay （SGB） and the adjacent Ailian Bay （ALB） and Lidao Bay （LDB） in Shandong Peninsula,eastern China.The species composition and cell abundance of phytoplankton in the bay waters in spring （April 2011）,summer （August 2011）,autumn （October 2011）,and winter （January 2012） were examined using the Uterm6hl method.A total of 80 taxa of phytoplankton that belong to 39 genera of 3 phyla were identified.These included 64 species of 30 genera in the Phylum Bacillariophyta,13 species of 8 genera in the Phylum Dinophyta,and 3 species of 1 genus in the Phylum Chrysophyta.During the four seasons,the number of phytoplankton species （43） was the highest in spring,followed by summer and autumn （40）,and the lowest number ofphytoplankton species （35） was found in winter.Diatoms,especially Paralia sulcata （Ehrenberg） Cleve and Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis Ehrenberg,were predominant in the phytoplankton community throughout the study period,whereas the dominance of dinoflagellate appeared in summer only.The maximum cell abundance of phytoplankton was detected in summer （average 8.08 × 103 cells L-1） whereas their minimum abundance was found in autumn （average 2.60 x 103 cellsL-1）.The phytoplankton abundance was generally higher in the outer bay than in the inner bay in spring and autumn.In summer,the phytoplankton cells were mainly concentrated in the south of inner SGB,with peak abundance observed along the western coast.In winter,the distribution of phytoplankton cells showed 3 patches,with peak abundance along the western coast as well.On seasonal average,the Shannon-Wiener diversity indices of phytoplankton community ranged from 1.17 to 1.78 （autumn 〉 summer 〉 spring 〉 winter）,and the Pielou＇s evenness indices of phytoplankton ranged from 0.45 to 0.65 （autumn 〉 spring 〉 summer〉 winter）.According to the results of canonical correspondence analysis,phosphate level w     

绥满高速公路某段大型挖方边坡的稳定性与防护

绥满高速公路K149～K149＋600挖方段位于牡丹江市区东南民主村和岭东村之间的岗梁鞍部,距牡丹江市区5km,原设计边坡为1：1．5,每6m高设－2m宽平台,采用三围网植草,最大挖深35m。     

Assimilating the LAI Data to the VEGAS Model Using the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter: An Observing System Simulation Experiment

Information on the spatial and temporal pat- terns of surface carbon flux is crucial to understanding of source/sink mechanisms and projection of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate. This study presents the construction and implementation of a terrestrial carbon cycle data assimilation system based on a dynamic vegetation and terrestrial carbon model Vegetation-Global-Atmosphere-Soil （VEGAS） with an advanced assimilation algorithm, the local ensemble transform Kalman filter （LETKF, hereafter LETKF-VEGAS）. An observing system simulation experiment （OSSE） framework was designed to evaluate the reliability of this system, and numerical experiments conducted by the OSSE using leaf area index （LAI） observations suggest that the LETKF -VEGAS can improve the estimations of leaf carbon pool and LAI significantly, with reduced root mean square errors and increased correlation coefficients with true values, as compared to a control run without assimilation. Furthermore, the LETKF-VEGAS has the potential to provide more accurate estimations of the net primary productivity （NPP） and carbon flux to atmosphere （CFta）.     

资料均一化对沈阳站气温趋势和城市化偏差分析的影响

利用国家气象信息中心2013年发布的逐日均一化气温资料,对沈阳站资料均一化处理前后平均气温和极端气温指数序列的线性趋势及其城市化影响偏差进行了比较评价。结果表明:1)资料均一化处理对日最高气温及其衍生的极端气温指数序列趋势估计的影响较弱,但对日最低气温及其衍生的极端气温指数序列趋势估计具有显著影响。2)经资料均一化处理后,平均气温序列中的城市化影响偏差有所增大,平均最低气温序列中的城市化影响偏差增大尤其明显;与冷事件有关的极端气温指数序列的城市化影响偏差数值有所减小,与暖事件有关的极端气温指数序列的城市化影响偏差数值有所增加。3)资料均一化处理有效纠正了因迁站等原因造成的地面气温观测记录中的非均一性,但却在很大程度上还原了城市站地面气温观测记录中的城市化影响偏差。     

乌鲁木齐一次持续空气重污染过程气象成因分析

本文对乌鲁木齐市2010年12月28日至2011年1月16日出现的一次典型持续重空气污染过程的天气形势和主要气象要素进行了分析。结果表明:大气环流背景和低空逆温层的生消与大气污染状况有很好的关联性。傍晚到夜间多稳定大气层结及以小风或静风为主的地面风场特征易促进污染性天气的发生。在出现接地时,最易出现污染天气。空气污染指数与逆温强度和近地层大气逆温层底高关系密切,逆温层顶高在500~1000m时,利于大气污染的形成。     

Ecological indicators showing the succession of macrofauna communities in Sonneratia apetala artificial mangrove wetlands on Qi’ao Island at Zhuhai, South China

The Sonneratia apetala artificial mangroves in the intertidal zone of Da Wei Bay at Qi’ao Island of Zhu-hai, South China were chosen as the macrofauna succession plots while bare tidal flats of the same size were established as control plots in surrounding interference-free areas. Conventional change indicators of community structure, such as biomass and biodiversity, and indicators, such as exergy and specific exergy, which reflect the information change of overall communities, were used to analyze the succession of macro-fauna communities inS. apetala artificial mangroves. The similarities and differences in variation tendency of the different ecological indicators and their reflected ecological principles were compared. The results showed that from D-1 to D-1275 after plantingS. apetala, the biomass of the macrofauna communities first increased, which was then followed by an increase in the network relationship between the macrofauna communities （analysis of the Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index）. The system in-formation （specific exergy） increased the slowest. Between D-1460 and D-2370 after plantingS. apetala, there was a decrease in biomass, network structure, and system information in the succession plots. After the decrease in the system information （the specific exergy）, there was a decline in the network relationships （Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index）. Biomass was the last indicator to decrease. The similarities and differences among the different ecological indicators varied during the succession pro-cess, which reflected the relativity and differences among the indicators. This study suggested that, although the species diversity index can be an effective indicator of two types of changes （network structure and system information）, it was quite clear that species diversity measurement was not suitable for expressing the changes in biomass during the succession process. While exergy and specific exergy can provide useful information     

海杂波微弱目标分形检测

The target on the sea surface is complex and difficult to detect due to the interference of backscattered returns from the sea surface illuminated by the radar pulse. Detrended fluctuation analysis （DFA） has been used successfully to extract the time-domain Hurst exponent of sea-clutter series. Since the frequency of the sea clutter mainly concentrates around Doppler center so that we consider to extract frequency-do- main fractal characterization and then detect a weak target within sea clutter by using the difference of frequency-domain fractal characterization. The generalized detrended fluctuation analysis （GDFA） is more flexible than traditional DFA owing to its smoothing action for the clutters. In this paper, we apply the GDFA to evaluate the generalized Hurst exponent of sea-clutter series in the frequency domain. The difference of generalized Hurst exponents between different sea-clutter range bins would be used to determine whether the target exists. Moreover, some simulations with the real IPIX radar data have also been demonstrated in order to suooort this conclusion.     

1988-2009年中国海及周边海域大浪频率对ElNino的响应

以CCMP风场驱动目前国际先进的第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ,对1988-2009年中国海及周边海域的海浪场进行数值模拟,探索近22年期间该海域的大浪频率与El Nino现象的内在联系。结果表明中国海及周边海域的大浪频率与El Nino有着密切的联系:(1)大浪频率与nino3指数的同期、大浪频率滞后1-4个月与nino3指数表现出显著性负相关,尤其是当大浪频率滞后2个月时,与nino3指数的负相关最强;当大浪频率滞后7-10个月时,大范围海域与nino3指数呈显著性正相关,大浪频率滞后8个月时,与nino3指数的正相关达到最强。(2)无论1988-1997年还是1999-2009年,大浪频率滞后8个月的曲线走势与nino3指数的走势表现出非常好的一致性,相关系数高达0.70、0.73。(3)中国海及周边海域的大浪频率与nino3指数具有共同的5.87-6.29个月、11.00-13.54个月的显著性变化周期;同时还具有共同的3.5-4.7年的年际变化周期,以及7年的长周期变化。(4)中国海及周边海域的大浪频率与nino3指数在20世纪末、21世纪初存在共同的突变期,nino3指数的突变略超前于大浪频率的突变。     

一次降水相态转换过程中温度垂直结构特征分析

2012年11月3-5日华北地区出现了该年度的第一次大范围雨雪天气过程,各地区依次都出现了雨转雪的复杂天气,这给预报带来了较大的难度。一直以来,冬季降水相态类型的预报都是国内外气象预报的难题之一,而温度的垂直结构特征是影响最终降水类型的关键因素之一。利用常规地面观测资料、NCEP再分析资料及中尺度数值模式WRF对此次雨雪天气过程中的温度垂直结构演变特征以及相态转变对温度垂直结构的作用等几个方面进行了分析讨论。结果表明:(1)在发生雨转雪过程中,温度递减率会持续减小,并最终会在低层形成一个上下一致的均温层,同时还伴有浅薄逆温层的产生;(2)降水相态类型严重依赖于温度的垂直结构,温度垂直结构的细微改变将决定最终到达地面的降水类型,因此,相关层次的厚度差可以成为判别降水相态类型的重要指标;(3)在降水类型由雨转雪的过程中,由于相关层次的融化作用,伴随着相态的变化温度垂直结构会发生一定程度的改变。     

基于CI指数的宁夏干旱致灾因子特征指标分析

基于1981 2010年宁夏23个气象站逐日降水和气温资料,采用综合气象干旱指数CI,从干旱发生日数、干旱范围、干旱频率和干旱强度等方面对宁夏干旱致灾因子特征指标进行了分析,并作了致灾因子危险性评估与区划。结果表明,近30年宁夏干旱发生日数、发生范围、干旱频率和干旱强度均呈增加趋势;干旱致灾因子危险性呈从南到北不断增加的趋势,致灾因子危险性指数最大为0.94,最小在0.1以下,南部大部分地区普遍处于干旱致灾因子低危险区,北部大部分地区处于干旱致灾因子高危险区。