用可见光与红外云图资料综合作降雨量估算的试验

利用红外和可见光云图亮温资料估算单站降水量级,结果发现红外和可见光云图结合估算降水量效果比单用红外云图效果要好,大雨的空报率明显降低。     

天山哈密榆树沟冰川冰尘特征及其成因

利用2011年8月在哈密榆树沟冰川采集的5个冰样,通过石蜡切片技术、16SrRNA系统发育分析及无机颗粒粒度分析方法,结合野外考察,对榆树沟冰川冰尘(cryoconite)的结构特征及形成过程进行了分析研究。结果表明:榆树沟冰川冰尘粒径为0.22～2.9mm,由有机部分(蓝藻、有机质)与无机部分(无机矿物颗粒)结合形成球状聚合体,它的生长具有季节性并且具有生长、裂解交替循环的生命周期;通过核糖体DNA扩增片段限制性内切酶分析(Amplifed Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis,ARDRA),将蓝藻16SrRNA基因文库中的214个阳性克隆分为9个不同的操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Unites,OTUs)。经过基因测序、BLAST比对及系统发育分析将9个OTUs归为:颤藻目,色球藻目和未定类群,其中颤藻目为冰尘中蓝藻的绝对优势类群;冰尘中无机矿物颗粒(d3.5μm)在数量上占绝对优势,体积分布的粒径众数值为14μm,较其它冰川而言,粒径众数较大。经估算,冰尘中有机部分所占比例明显大于无机颗粒,故影响冰川消融区表面反照率的主要因素为冰尘中的有机部分。     

Radiative forcing over China due to albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990–2010

Land cover change affects surface radiation budget and energy balance by chang- ing surface albedo and further impacts the regional and global climate. In this article, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite products were used to analyze the driving mechanism for surface albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990-2010. In addition, the annual-scale radiative forcing caused by surface albedo changes in China＇s 50 ecological regions were calculated to reveal the biophysical mechanisms of land cover change affecting climate change at regional scale. Our results showed that the national land cover changes were mainly caused by land reclamation, grassland desertification and urbanization in past 20 years, which were almost induced by anthropogenic activities. Grassland and forest area decreased by 0.60% and 0.11%, respectively. The area of urban and farmland increased by 0.60% and 0.19%, respectively. The mean radiative forcing caused by land cover changes during 1990-2010 was 0.062 W/m2 in China, indicating a warming climate effect. However, spatial heterogeneity of radiative forcing was huge among different ecological regions. Farmland conversing to urban construction land, the main type of land cover change for the urban and suburban agricultural ecological region in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, caused an albedo reduction by 0.00456 and a maximum positive radiative forcing of 0.863 WIm2, which was presented as warming climate effects. Grassland and forest conversing to farmland, the main type of land cover change for the temperate humid agricultural and wetland ecological region in Sanjiang Plain, caused an albedo increase by 0.00152 and a maximum negative radiative forcing of 0.184 W/m2, implying cooling climate effects.     

Results of a CLM4 Land Surface Simulation over China Using a Multisource Integrated Land Cover Dataset

In this study, the high-accuracy multisource integrated Chinese land cover （MICLCover） dataset was used in version 4 of the Community Land Model （CLM4） to assess how the new land cover information affected land surface simulation over China. Compared to the default land cover dataset in CLM4, the MICL data indicated lower values for bare soil （14.6% reduction）, nee- dleleaf tree （3.6%）, and broadleaf tree （1.9%）; higher values for shrub cover （1.8% increase）, grassland （9.9%）, cropland （5.0%）, glaciers （0.5%）, lakes （1.6%）, and wetland （1.1%）; and unchanged for urban areas. Two comparative CLM4 simulations were conducted for the 33-yr period from 1972 to 2004, one using the MICL dataset and the other using the default dataset. The results revealed that the MICL data produced a 0.3% lower mean annual surface albedo over China than the original data. The largest contributor to the reduced value was semiarid regions （2.1% reduction）. The MICL-data albedo value agreed more closely with observations （MODIS broad- band black-sky albedo products） over arid and semiarid regions than for the original data to some extent. The simulated average sensible heat flux over China increased by only 0.1 W m 2 owing to the reduced values in arid and semiarid regions, as opposed to increases in humid and semihumid regions, while an increased latent heat flux of I W m-2 was reflected in almost identical changes over the whole region. In addition, the mean annual runoff simulated by CLM4 using MICL data decreased by 6.8 mm yr-1, primarily due to large simulated decreases in humid regions.     

西北干旱区不同下垫面反照率随太阳高度角变化的参数化方案

利用古浪非均匀近地层观测试验中仪器平行对比观测试验数据,首先详细地分析了三套不同型号辐射仪器(CNR4,KippZonen;PSP,Eppley;MS102,EKO)在荒漠均匀下垫面彼此之间观测辐射的差异;然后结合基本观测试验中西沙漠、东沙漠和农田站的晴天观测资料,基于乘法和加法关系分离影响因子的方法发展了干旱区不同下垫面反照率随太阳高度角变化的参数化方案,并检验了两种分离方法的普适性;最后对所发展的参数化方案与已有参数化方案在西沙漠、东沙漠及农田下垫面进行了对比。结果表明:(1)CNR4与PSP和MS102观测辐射数据相关系数在0.96以上,彼此之间观测短波辐射差异在6%以内,长波辐射差异在2%以内,净辐射差异在10%以内;CNR4与PSP观测值较接近,差异在5%以内,而CNR4与MS102观测值相差较大,差异在10%以内。(2)乘法关系分离影响因子方法的普适性较好。(3)与已有参数化方案相比,本文所发展的参数化方案能更加合理地刻画干旱区不同下垫面反照率随太阳高度角的日变化关系。     

改善MODIS BRDF产品热点效应的方法研究

核驱动的Ross Thick-LiSparse Reciprocal(RTLSR)双向反射函数(BRDF)模型已广泛地应用于MODIS等星载传感器的业务化产品处理中。但是,对于多年MODIS二向反射产品历史数据,如何基于RTMLSR模型发展一种简单有效快速的方法,进行热点效应的校正是一个迫切需要解决的问题。本文提出了一种简单有效的方法,不需要对观测数据重新反演,直接在现有MODIS二向反射产品的基础上进行热点校正,方便用户对历史MODIS二向反射产品的使用。该方法应用POLDER-3/BRDF数据库和部分经MODIS业务化算法筛选的反射率数据进行验证,并与RTLSR模型和RTMLSR模型的结果进行比较,结果表明:(1)该方法比现有的MODIS业务化RTLSR算法,对热点反射率有明显改善,拟合相对误差平均降低了10.12%;(2)该方法相对于RTMLSR模型在热点反射率拟合效果上差别不大,相对误差相差2.10%;(3)该方法对热点和冷点归一化的植被指数(NDHD)的估算效果有一定程度的改善,相对于RTLSR模型降低了约4.99%,与RTMLSR模型的相对误差相差1.32%,该方法对直接应用现有MODIS BRDF产品,基于热点方向反射率反演植被结构参数(如植被聚集指数)的精度提高有现实应用价值。     

Impact of vegetation feedback on the mid-Pliocene warm climate

Studying the vegetation feedback during warm periods of the past can lead to better understanding of those in the future.In this study,we conducted several simulations to analyze vegetation feedback during the mid-Pliocene warm period.The results indicate that the main features of vegetation change in the mid-Pliocene were a northward shift of needleleaf tree,an expansion of broadleaf tree and shrub,and a northward expansion of grass,as compared to the pre-industrial period.The global annual mean warming ratio caused by vegetation feedback was 12.1％,and this warming ratio was much larger in northern middle and high latitudes.The warming caused by vegetation change was directly related to the surface albedo change and was further amplified by snow/sea ice-albedo feedback.     

气候变化背景下天山区域地表反照率特征分析

气候变化背景下地表反照率的变化能够深刻影响整个陆-气系统的能量收支平衡,引起区域以至全球的生态环境发生变化。基于2001-2013年16 d合成的MODIS/MCD43A3等数据,结合均值分析、斜率分析以及相关分析等研究方法,对气候变化背景下天山区域地表反照率时空变化特征进行分析。在空间分布上,近13 a来天山区域年均地表反照率达到0.217,伊犁河谷地区及天山北麓地表反照率较高,山区地表反照率较低,空间上呈交叉分布的特点;在时间分布上,研究区年均地表反照率缓慢增加,季节性差异明显,地表反照率秋季最高、春季最低,冬、春两季地表反照率波动强于其他季节;近13 a来地表反照率与气候因子之间存在较为明显的响应关系。年均地表反照率随着4、12月份气温的增加不断减小,随着7、8月份降水的减少而明显增加,与同期气温、滞后1月降水之间存在显著相关。     

从NOAA卫星AVHRR资料反演中国区域地表反照率

由NOAA卫星AVHRR短波通道1、2反射率反演地表反照率需要3个反演模式,分别是窄-宽波段反射率转换模式、大气顶双向反射模式、大气订正模式.基于模式和国家卫星气象中心接收处理的NOAA-18 AVHRR1B数据,处理了2006年1月至2010年12月的中国区域地表反照率,由于云的影响,15天合成技术用来形成周期为15天的地表反照率数据文件.2006年、2010年2年的处理结果与MODIS同类产品对比,RMS为0.028～0.074、相关系数为0.76～0.93,误差较大出现在冬季,原因是两者15天合成方法不同;5年的日平均地表反照率与21个中国地面气象一级辐射站的观测测值作对比,结果是：RMS为0.053、相关系数为0.88.反演模式系统误差以及云和气溶胶影响是卫星反演地表反照率的主要误差来源.     

正则化滤波在反演地表光谱反照率中的应用

利用有限的卫星观测数据,通过反演地物二向性反射分布函数(BRDF)模型提取复杂地表的真实信息,是一个不适定的地球科学反演问题。为了克服离散不适定性带来的困难,在分析引起模型解不稳定的原因和数据误差传递机制的基础上,使用构建滤波函数的方法实现BRDF模型的正则化约束反演。实验结果表明,正则化滤波算法与MODIS AMBRALS算法精度相当,完全适用于具有充足观测和稀疏观测情况下的地物参数反演。