一次春季黄海海雾和东海层云关系的研究

结合多种观测数据和数值模拟结果对2011年3月12—13日的一次黄海海雾过程进行分析。观测数据分析表明:此次黄海海雾过程与东海层云之间存在密切的联系。地面高低压位置为水汽从层云区向北输送提供了有利的环流条件;黄海上空天气尺度下沉运动,加强了海洋大气边界层(MABL)层结的稳定性,MABL顶自南向北高度降低,有利于水汽在向北输送过程中不断向海面聚集;下沉导致的干层以及逆温层对海雾的发生发展起重要作用。模式结果进一步证明天气尺度下沉运动与MABL内的下沉在29°—30°N附近同位相叠加,使得该海区上空的下沉运动明显增强,边界层高度迅速下降。下沉可能会导致气块温度升高,云滴蒸发,来自层云区的水汽随流场向北向下输送逐渐接近冷海面凝结成雾,近海面水汽的平流输送使海雾进一步向北发展。本研究为海雾预报提供新的参考思路。     

一个两时间层分裂显格式海洋环流模式(MASNUM)及其检验

A two-time-level, three-dimensional numerical ocean circulation model（named MASNUM） was established with a two-level, single-step Eulerian forward-backward time-differencing scheme. A mathematical model of large-scale oceanic motions was based on the terrain-following coordinated, Boussinesq, Reynolds-averaged primitive equations of ocean dynamics. A simple but very practical Eulerian forward-backward method was adopted to replace the most preferred leapfrog scheme as the time-differencing method for both barotropic and baroclinic modes. The forward-backward method is of second-order of accuracy, computationally efficient by requiring only one function evaluation per time step, and free of the computational mode inherent in the three-level schemes. This method is superior to the leapfrog scheme in that the maximum time step of stability is twice as large as that of the leapfrog scheme in staggered meshes thus the computational efficiency could be doubled. A spatial smoothing method was introduced to control the nonlinear instability in the numerical integration. An ideal numerical experiment simulating the propagation of the equatorial Rossby soliton was performed to test the amplitude and phase error of this new model. The performance of this circulation model was further verified with a regional（northwest Pacific） and a quasi-global（global ocean simulation with the Arctic Ocean excluded） simulation experiments. These two numerical experiments show fairly good agreement with the observations. The maximum time step of stability in these two experiments were also investigated and compared between this model and that model which adopts the leapfrog scheme.     

趣闻

<正>地球的气候逐渐变暖这已是一个不争的现状,而全球变暖可以从两个方面影响海平面上升。一是海水遇热膨胀,目前上升的海水中有三分之一源于此;二是冰雪融化,眼下主要是高山上的冰川,但未来更大的威胁来自格陵兰岛和南极洲的冰原。由于海平面上升,到2070年,亚洲太平洋地区将会有数以百万计的人失去家园,成为无家可归的流浪者,这是不久前,一家澳大利亚研究机构做出的报告结论。报告还指出,中国、印度、孟加拉国、越南和     

《河流入海通量的全球集成》书评北大核心CSCD

本书作者是美国J.D.Milliman教授和K.L.Farnsworth博士,于2011年由剑桥大学出版社出版,共384页。这本专著是J.D.Milliman教授近30年不懈钻研的结果,早在20世纪70年代初期,他就开始了河流入海通量问题的研究。对于河流-海岸相互作用和全球变化的研究者,本书将是一份重要的经典文献。     

The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over the central Arctic Ocean

The tropopause height and the atmospheric boundarylayer （PBL） height as well as the variation of inversion layer above the floating ice surface are presented using GPS （global position system ） radiosonde sounding data and relevant data obtained by Chinas fourth arctic scientific expedition team over the central Arctic Ocean （86°-88°N, 144°-170°W） during the summer of 2010. The tropopause height is from 9.8 to 10.5 km, with a temperature range between -52.2 and -54.10C in the central Arctic Ocean. Two zones of maximum wind （over 12 m/s） are found in the wind profile, namely, low- and upper-level jets, located in the middle troposphere and the tropopause, respectively. The wind direction has a marked variation point in the two jets from the southeast to the southwest. The average PBL height determined by two methods is 341 and 453 m respectively. These two methods can both be used when the inversion layer is very low, but the results vary significantly when the inversion layer is very high. A significant logarithmic relationship exists between the PBL height and the inversion intensity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.66, indicating that the more intense the temperature inversion is, the lower the boundary layer will be. The observation results obviously differ from those of the third arctic expedition zone （800-85° N）. The PBL height and the inversion layer thickness are much lower than those at 870-88° N, but the inversion temperature is more intense, meaning a strong ice- atmosphere interaction in the sea near the North Pole. The PBL structure is related to the weather system and the sea ice concentration, which affects the observation station.     

最热和最冷的一个6月

<正>根据美国政府气候数据中心的消息,2010年的6月份是全世界有记录以来最热的一个6月,这也是连续第4个月全球陆地和海洋温度纪录被打破。目前,人们已经初步认定,2010年是1880年有记录以来最热的一年。根据美国国家海洋与大气管理局的说法,已经过去的这个6月是连续第304个平均全球陆地和地表温度高于20世纪的月份。上一个低于平均气温的月份是1985年的2月。     

一次典型高压型海雾过程中海上大气波导的数值模拟

2009年4月9—12日黄海海域发生了一次受高压系统影响的海雾过程。利用卫星观测与探空数据、WRF模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)对此次海雾过程及相伴的大气波导进行了观测分析与数值模拟。海雾与波导发展可分为3个阶段:(1)大气波导先于海雾存在于黄海海面;受高压下沉影响,黄海上空存在逆温层和较强的湿度梯度,表现为较强的贴海表面波导和非贴海表面波导。(2)海雾始于高压西部,并随高压系统逐渐东移减弱,向黄海北部扩展;辐射冷却虽然使雾顶附近逆温增强,但海雾的机械湍流使其顶部湿度梯度减小,雾顶附近对应弱悬空波导或波导消失。(3)高压系统影响使干空气下沉到雾区导致黄海海雾消散;雾顶附近逆温仍存在,同时湿度梯度增大,黄海上空逐渐变为非贴海表面波导。本研究结果表明:高压系统不仅极易为波导的发生提供有利条件,而且有利于海雾的生成,在海雾演变过程中主要是雾顶水汽梯度的变化导致了波导类型及强度的变化。     

渤海莱州湾地区晚更新世以来有孔虫特征反映的古环境变化

Controlled by climate changes, there were three large-scale transgressions and regressions around the Bohai Sea during the late Quaternary, which were accepted by most geologists. However, a big controversy still exists about the time when the transgressions occurred separately. In order to find out the process of the paleoenvironmental changes around the Bohai Sea in the late Quaternary, the foraminifera assemblages from a new borehole Lz908 in the southern coast of the Laizhou Bay were studied, and then the transgressive strata were indentified. Combined with accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon 14C（AMS14C） and optically stimulated luminescence（OSL） ages, the occurrence time of these transgressions were re-determined. The result showed that three major large-scale transgressions occurred separately at the beginning of marine isotopic stage 7（MIS7）, the last interglacial period（MIS5） and the Holocene. In addition, a small-scale transgression occurred in the mid-MIS6, and the corresponding transgressive stratum was deposited. The transgressive deposition of MIS3 was also discovered in this study. However, the characteristics of the foraminifera indicated the environment during this period was colder than that in the MIS5. By comparison with the global sea-level changes, the paleoenvironmental changes around the Bohai Sea in the late Quaternary can be consistent with the global climate changes.     

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正本刊讯自2014年第1期起,本刊将为在《海洋学研究》中发表的每篇论文免费注册DOI号,以提高所刊载论文的全球传播面和学术影响力,推动期刊迈向全球标准化步伐。DOI是数字对象标识符(Digital Object Identifier)的缩写,为数字信息的全球唯一的永久性的身份标识,被形象地称为数字资源的身份证,具有对资源进行永久命名标识、动态解析链接的特性。文章拥有了DOI号,如     

中国海洋大气沉降监测与评价工作回顾与展望

海洋大气污染物沉降是海洋环境监测评价体系的重要内容之一,对于研究污染物迁移和制定相关的控制对策具有重要意义。文章回顾了我国海洋大气监测与评价领域10多年的发展情况,结合国际上的先进经验,对存在的问题进行较深入的分析,在此基础上提出了构建现场监测与模型结合的海洋大气监测与评价工作体系建议,包括几个需要重点解决的关键性问题和未来发展方向。