改进Hargreaves方法计算拉萨参考作物蒸发蒸腾量

根据拉萨站1955~2006年逐日气象资料,采用标准Penman-Monteith方程和Hargreaves方法对西藏高原区拉萨的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET₀)进行了对比分析研究,计算结果发现在拉萨的春季和雨季采用Hargreaves方法计算的ET₀存在着较大偏差.为了进一步提高Hargreaves方法在该地区的适宜性,引入了平均相对湿度因子,建立改进Hargreaves公式并进行了评价,为拉萨地区准确实用地确定作物需水量和合理的灌溉制度提供了一种简便方法和科学依据.     

中国东北黑土地研究进展与展望

东北黑土区是世界四大片黑土区之一,它以高有机质和高肥力而著称,不仅是东北农业发展的基础,也是中国的粮仓,在保障国家粮食安全中具有举足轻重的地位。针对东北黑土自身的特色和面临的问题,首先描述了东北黑土地形成的条件及自然黑土的属性特征;其次阐述了黑土被开垦后农田化过程中土壤属性和肥力的演化情况,土壤有机质大幅度下降,土壤肥力降低,已严重影响到东北黑土地农业的可持续发展;在此基础上分析了黑土区耕作土壤不同保护途经及其对土壤肥力的影响机制;最后展望了未来黑土地理论研究的侧重点：应加大新技术、新方法和跨学科交叉理论的研究,培育更适合东北黑土地气候条件的高产优质作物品种,并结合目前黑土地保护的技术调控模式,优化作物种植模式,提升作物品质和产量,提高黑土区农业的综合生产力和竞争力、保证黑土区农业的永续利用。     

蒸散发模拟的Valiantzas方法在中国的应用

根据一种简化的Penman模型,建立了一个无需风速的参考作物蒸散发模型(Penman-Valiantzas模型),在此基础上又结合Hargreaves辐射方程建立了无需风速和日照时数的Penman-Valiantzas-Hargreaves模型.利用世界粮食组织的CLIMWAT数据库中156个气象站点多年月平均资料对此...     

土壤水分运动的数值模拟——以作物根系吸水项为例

本文通过有限差分法，用野外实测资料计算了作物根系吸水率，根据计算结果，用多元非线回归方法，得出了作物根系吸水的经验公式，并且，建立了带有作物根系吸水项的垂向一维土壤水分运动的数学模型。     

西北地区生长季参考作物蒸散变化成因的定量分析

基于FAO Penman-Monteith 公式计算了我国西北地区126 个测站1961-2009 年的生长季(4-10 月) 参考作物蒸散(ET₀) 对平均气温、风速、相对湿度和太阳辐射的敏感系数,并结合各气象因子的多年变化特征定量讨论参考作物蒸散变化的原因。结果表明：风速和气温的敏感性虽然相对较低,但因其显著变化,成为引起ET₀变化的主导因子,贡献达到-5.22%和3.29%;太阳辐射和相对湿度敏感性较大,但因变化小,贡献仅为-0.76%和0.63%。空间上,气温在西北地区对ET₀ 变化多为正贡献,风速和太阳辐射多为负贡献;相对湿度在西部多为负贡献,东部为正贡献。估算的4 个气象因子共同作用引起的ET₀变化在趋势、数值和空间分布上均与ET₀的实际变化基本一致,两者的相关系数高达0.99,表明结合敏感性分析和气象因子的多年变化来解释西北地区ET₀变化的原因兼具合理性和可行性。而且该方法弥补了趋势分析法、相关分析法和敏感性分析法的不足,为定量分析ET₀变化成因提供一条新思路     

Remote sensing monitoring on regional crop water productivity in the Haihe River Basin

Crop water productivity （CWP） agricultural development in water scarcity is one of the important indicators for sustainable area. There is serious conflict between water sup- ply and requirement in the Haihe River Basin. CWP of winter wheat and summer maize from 2003 to 2007 in the Haihe River Basin is estimated based on large-scale evapotranspiration （ET） and crop yield obtained by remote sensing technology. Spatial and temporal distribution of CWP of winter wheat and summer maize is investigated in this study. Results show that CWP of winter wheat in most parts of the study area varies from 1.02 kg/m3 to 1.53 kg/m3, and CWP of summer maize varies from 1.31 kg/m3 to 2.03 kg/m3. Multi-year averaged CWP of winter wheat and summer maize in the study area is about 1.19 kg/m3 and 1.59 kg/m3. CWP results show certain promotion potential to alleviate the water shortage in the Haihe River Basin. Correlation analysis of CWP, crop yield and ET shows that there is great potential for crop yield promotion without the growth in irrigation water. Large-scale CWP estimated by remote sensing technology in this study shows spatial distribution features, which could be used to real-time agricultural water resource management combined with crop yield and ET.     

黄土高原作物产量及水土流失地形分异模拟

De-farming slope farmland has been an effective measure in recent years for the improvement of the eco-environment and the mitigation of soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau. This paper, taking the Yangou Basin as a case study and using day-by-day mete- orological data of Yan'an station in 2005, simulated and analyzed the quantitative relation between crop yield, soil and water loss and topographic condition with the aid of WIN-YIELD software. Results show that: 1) topographic gradient has important influence on crop yield. The bigger gradient is, the lower the crop yield. Yields of sorghum and corn decrease by 15.44% and 14.32% respectively at 25° in comparison to the case of 0°. In addition, yields of soya, bean and potato decrease slightly by 5.26%, 4.67% and 3.84%, respectively. The in- fluences of topographic height and slope aspect on crop yield are slight. 2) Under the same topographic condition, different crops' runoff and soil loss show obvious disparity. Topographic gradient has important influence on soil and water loss. In general, the changing trend is that the soil and water loss aggregates with the increase of gradient, and the maximal amount occurs around 20°. The influence of topographic height is slight. Topographic aspect has a certain effect, and the fundamental characteristic is that values are higher at the aspect of south than north. 3) Topographic gradients of 5° and 15° are two important thresholds. The characteristic about soil and water loss with the variation of topographic gradients show that: the slope farmland with gradient less than 5° could remain unchanged, and the slope farm- land more than 15° should be de-farmed as early as possible.     

松辽平原“玉米带”农田景观结构及动态

本文从作物生境、作物形态、作物种类等不同侧面分析松辽平原“玉米带”农田景观结构状况并分析本区农田景观特征．在此基础上利用长期统计数据进行农田景观比例和农田景观多样化指数计算．得出不同方面农田景观多样化程度动态曲线．由此反映本区40多年来农田景观生态的变化趋势．以期为本区农田景观的合理配置,保持高教和谐的农田景观生态系统而保证农业生产的持续稳定发展提供参考依据。     

近地层臭氧对我国树木生产力和作物产量的影响:进展与展望

大气污染严重威胁了我国陆地生态系统的固碳能力,但随着减污降碳协同治理的快速推进,减缓大气污染将有利于提升陆地碳汇,并切实推动碳达峰碳中和目标的实现。为了更好地理解大气污染与生态系统固碳的关系,本文以主要空气污染物臭氧（O₃）为例,基于田间控制实验的整合分析、剂量响应关系及机理模型三种评估方法综述了近地层O₃污染对植被碳固定影响的最新进展。尽管不同作物种类以及品种、不同功能型木本植物对O₃的响应有着显著的差异,且各种方法的评估结果也不尽相同,但目前O₃浓度造成我国粮食作物减产、森林生产力降低已是不争的事实。持续升高的O₃浓度将严重威胁我国陆地生态系统的固碳能力。利用我国作物和树木的O₃剂量响应方程进行评估的结果表明,在CO₂减排和O₃污染协同治理下,预计2060年我国树木生物量和作物产量将比当前显著提高,增加陆地生态系统碳汇,助力碳中和目标。最后,对如何提高O₃污染环境下植物固碳能力也进行了展望。