巴基斯坦近海大陆斜坡的天然气水合物：利用地震技术约束反演

1997年10月，在巴基斯坦外海的聚合大陆边缘得到了新的垂直入射、广角反射和折射数据。似海底反射（BSR）是横穿整个大陆边缘至阿曼海湾的最突出的反射特征。一般这一反射同气体水合物稳定带底的期望深度相一致。增生棱柱体上的BSR是一个清晰的反极性反射，且BSR之下的地层表现出反射率增强，这表明地层间存在被捕获的气体。广角反射和折射数据的联合反演在BSR深度处产生约200m厚的低速带。利用Born展开式，可根据反褶积和平衡处理后的单道数据来计算带限阻抗记录，结果表明BSR处的速度下降约200ms^-1。在朝海岸方向的CDP4400处，Minshull和White(1989)等人得到一个约600ms^-1的速度倒置，此结果表明BSR的特征在越过巴基斯坦外海大陆边缘时显著变化。海湾下的BSR出现在相似的海底地层深度，此处的地震反射出现亮点。然而，其反振幅异常小，且BSR下方的反射地层没有表现出反射率增强。广角反射和折射数据的联合走时反演表明：持续上升的速度暗示了有充足的甲烷以形成游离气和气体水合物，且主要受沉积物同化为增生棱柱体的限制。我们认为当沉积物同化为增生棱柱体时，这些变异与构造抬升和正在进行的沉积引起的一个渐进过程有关。沉积和抬升造成等温线向上偏移，并因此导致气体水合物的分解，释放出的甲烷气体造成BSR增强。我们的地质调查反映了深海平原以及第一个倾斜盆地内水深分别为3300m和2490m处的BSR属性。CDP4400位于近岸的一个隐伏、隆起演化的盆地内，水深为1730m。因此我们提出，在加积楔内，区域构造抬升与正进行的沉积引致稳定区域的向上偏移造成水合物循环。此外，通过甲烷的深度平流，构造脱水作用可以在稳定区域底部积聚水合物。     

通过控制卵子和精子的排放实现羊栖菜人工种苗的规模化生产

羊栖菜（Ｈｉｚｉｋｉａｆｕｓｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）是一种重要的经济海藻，隶属于褐藻门，墨角藻目，马尾藻科，羊栖菜属 ,自然分布在太平洋的西海岸。在我国北至大连南到海南岛都广有分布 ,尤其以浙江和福建等地区分布最广［１］。羊栖菜藻体黄褐色 ,生长在潮间带 ,株高一般在３０～６０ｃｍ ,藻体自下而上包括假根 ,茎 ,叶片、气囊和生殖托 (繁殖季节 )等部分组成。羊栖菜雌雄异株 ,属暖水性多年生海藻 ,靠残留的假根度过冬季 ,次年春天由假根再生植株。每年的繁殖季节 (５～１０月份 ) ,雌雄生殖托自叶茎处生成。雌雄生殖托分别排放卵子和精…     

年轻的海洋地质学家翟世奎研究员

翟世奎，男，山东聊城市人，1958年1月生。1981年12月毕业于青岛海洋大学（原山东海洋学院），1988年在中国科学院海洋研究所获博士学位，1991年10月在英国剑桥大学完成博士后研究。研究员。1992年5月获“中国科学院海洋研究所优秀青年特殊津贴”，1993年获青岛市“十佳科技青年”荣誉称号，同年获得“中国科学院青年科学家。等奖”和享受“国务院政府特殊津贴”。自1982年起翟世奎研究员先后承担和参加科学院重点课题一项国家基金课题4项。目前，承担国家“八五”科技攻关专题2项，国家自然科学基金课题2项，中国科学院院长基金1项。“现代…     

天然气水合物调查研究方法与技术

目前，国际上天然气水合物的调查研究已呈现多学科、方法的综合发展趋势。理论研究方法方面，侧重于固态水合物相的热力学测量和水合物计算表征研究。调查技术方法，除了首选的地球物理方法外，地球化学方法、自生沉积矿物学法和钻孔取样技术都已得到较大的发展，而水合物资源量评估仍属世界难题，目前主要从勘查方法、气体来源、赋存状态等方面进行探索。     

气体水合物中大量甲烷释放引起大气圈组分、放射压力和气候的改变

陆坡上水合物矿床中甲烷(CH4)的灾难性释放已显著干扰了古新世／始新世温度最高(PETM)期(约55．5Ma)的全球气候和碳循环。我们调查了所有PETM期古温度和古二氧化碳替代矿物是否与假设考虑大量增加的甲烷散发到大气圈的影响相一致。     

Bottom Simulating Reflector and Gas Seepage in Okinawa Trough： Evidence of Gas Hydrate in an Active Back-Arc Basin

To look for gas hydrate, 22 multi-channel and 3 single-channel seismic lines on the East China Sea (ECS) shelf slope and at the bottom of the Okinawa Trough were examined. It was found that there was indeed bottom simulating reflector (BSR) occurrence, but it is very rare. Besides several BSRs, a gas seepage was also found. As shown by the data, both the BSR and gas seepage are all related with local geological structures, such as mud diapir, anticline, and fault-controlled graben-like structure. However, similar structural "anomalies" are quite common in the tectonically very active Okinawa Trough region, but very few of them have developed BSR or gas seepage. The article points out that the main reason is probably the low concentration of organic carbon of the sediment in this area. It was speculated that the rare occurrence of gas hydrates in this region is governed by structure-controlled fluid flow. Numerous faults and fractures form a network of high-permeability channels in the sediment and highly fractured igneous basement to allow fluid circulation and ventilation. Fluid flow in this tectonic environment is driven primarily by thermal buoyancy and takes place on a wide range of spatial scales. The fluid flow may play two roles to facilitate hydrate formation:to help gather enough methane into a small area and to modulate the thermal regime.     

Main Controlling Factors on Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Distribution in Marine Sedimentary Sequences in South China

Multiple source rock assemblages were deposited in the sedimentary provinces in South China in geologic history,and some of them were destructed by and some survived against multiple tectonic movements.Therefore,multiple sources,mixed sources,and uneven distribution of sources occurred in the marine sedimentary basins in South China during the late stage of hydrocarbon pooling.Epidiagenesis of the marine carbonate reservoirs and its modification to reservoir poroperm characteristics determined the formation and the scale of natural gas pools.The exploration practices show that the large to medium gas fields mainly occur in areas with high-quality reservoirs.Detailed study of the paleo-oil accumulations and typical oil and gas reservoirs reveals that the basins experienced multiphase superimposition and modification,leading to the distribution of the Paleozoic paleo-oil accumulations and bitumen in the peripheral areas.The phenomenon that oil and gas production concentrates in the Sichuan basin indicates that the overall sealing conditions of a basin determine the oil/gas potentials and the scale of oil and gas production.This is a critical factor controlling the accumulation and distribution of gas in the marine sequences in South China.The early oil and gas pools in the Yangtze platform left billions of bitumen in the peripheral areas due to the destruction of seals.Since the Himalayan,"late-generation and late-accumulation" gas pools represented by the gas pools in the Sichuan (四川) basin were formed in the marine sedimentary sequences in South China as a result of the change of the sealing conditions.Current gas discoveries appear to be "paleo-generation and paleo-accumulation" gas pools but actually are "late-generation and late-accumulation" gas pools.These patterns of hydrocarbon pooling clearly depict themselves in western Sichuan basin and Weiyuan (威远)gas field.It is revealed that the gas pools in the Sichuan basin were mainly formed as a result of hydrocarbon phase change (thermal cracking of oil to gas),miscible migration,and dynamic equilibration since the Himalayan.A large number of gas pools were formed in the Himalayan and the gas pools in the marine sequences are characterized by late pooling; this kind of gas fields/pools are controlled by:(1) effectiveness of modification and superimposition of the marine basins,(2) effectiveness of the source rocks,(3) effectiveness of the overall preservation conditions,and (4) effectiveness of plays.     

川西坳陷中段天然气碳同位素特征及其成因类型

川西坳陷中段天然气的组份以烃类气体为主,占气体总体积的98.1%～99.7%;非烃气体以CO,2和N2为主,其含量分别占气体的0.12%～1.32%和0.25%～1.54%;烃类气体中以甲烷占绝对优势,平均含量为95.83%;重烃含量较低,平均为3.21%;干燥系数(C1/C,1-5>)平均为0.97,整体上属典型的干气.川西坳陷中段的所有样品δ13C,2都大于-25.8‰,属于典型的煤型气范畴,天然气的δ13C,1δ'13C,2δ13C,3,呈明显的正序排列,显示出天然气为典型的有机成因.甲烷碳同位素组成,反映了其母质演化程度已处于成熟～高成熟阶段,且以高成熟阶段为主.