贵州牛蹄塘组页岩气表面自由能研究

为了研究页岩对气体的吸附机理,在50℃、60℃、80℃ 3个温度点对贵州凤参1井和天马1井的页岩样品进行等温吸附实验,并绘制出了CH₄和CO₂等温吸附曲线图,计算得到页岩表面自由能,从自由能角度分析页岩对CH₄和CO₂气体的吸附特性。研究结果表明：当温度一定时,随着压力的增加,页岩对2种气体的表面自由能变化值均呈现出不断增加的趋势,当压力一定时,随着温度的增加,表面自由能会逐渐减小,这与等温吸附曲线上气体吸附量随压力的变化是一致的;页岩对CO₂的表面自由能变化值均要大于CH₄,表明页岩对CO₂的吸附能力比CH 4 更强,可以通过向页岩层中注入CO₂来提高采收率;对于吸附能力较强的页岩气藏,可以通过注入表面活性剂的方法,增强活性剂与页岩表面的结合能力,降低CH₄占有面积及其与页岩的表面自由能,以此达到促使CH₄解吸的目的。     

莺歌海盆地东方区天然气成藏模式及优质天然气勘探策略

莺歌海盆地东方区天然气勘探取得重大突破,本文对该区不同气田、不同层段的72个天然气样品,开展了化学组分及其稳定碳同位素分析。研究表明该区天然气存在迥然不同的分布差异：西南区块（XY1-1S/XY13-2构造）,浅层天然气中CO2含量高,天然气成熟度总体也较高,而中深层天然气中CO2含量很低,天然气成熟度也相对较低;东北区块（XY1-1/XY13-1构造）,浅层天然气中CO2含量总体较低,天然气成熟度也较低,但是中深层天然气中CO2含量总体较高,天然气成熟度也相对较高。根据天然气系列地化特征,结合底辟活动的分析,提出东方区受底辟影响的低能量区和高能量区具有截然不同的天然气充注成藏模式：①西南区块（XY1-1S/XY13-2构造）远离底辟核心区,属低能量活动的底辟波及区,受底辟活动影响程度相对较小,早期低CO2含量、低成熟天然气沿小断裂或裂隙输导体系运移到中深层的黄流组、梅山组聚集成藏。由于底辟能量较低,中深层早期形成的气藏得以完整保存。后期,烃源岩生成的高CO2含量、高成熟天然气沿着底辟活动产生的断层向上运移至莺歌海组浅层聚集成藏。浅层和中深层天然气输导体系可能存在一定差异;②东北区块（XY1-1/XY13-1构造）处于底辟核心区,属高能量活动区,多期强烈的底辟活动形成深大断裂,为天然气的快速运移提供通道,使得早期在黄流组、梅山组中深层聚集的低CO2含量、低成熟天然气遭受破坏,向上发生再次运移至浅层莺歌海组聚集成藏。后期高CO2含量、高成熟天然气主要充注中深层。该模式可以很好地解释莺歌海盆地东方区天然气复杂的分布特征,为莺歌海盆地不同领域,尤其是中深层高温超压领域低CO2的优质天然气勘探提供策略指导。     

郯庐断裂系统与中国东部幔源岩浆成因CO2关系的初探

中国已发现的源岩浆成因ＣＯ２气藏主要分布在与郯庐断裂发育密切相关的东部伸展盆地,两者关系具体表现如下：１．中国东部幔源岩浆成因ＣＯ２气藏的空间展布与郯庐断裂保持一致;２．郯庐断裂切割深度达到上地幔;３．沿郯庐断裂岩浆活动强烈,且具幔源特点;４．中国东部伸展盆地自中、新生代以来的演化受郯庐断裂带活动影响。本文主要以郯庐断裂带为主线,结合幔源岩浆成因ＣＯ２气藏典型实例,从郯庐断裂构造环境、空间格局和演     

Carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition and generation pathway of biogenic gas in China

The carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition of biogenic gas is of great importance for the study of its generation pathway and reservoiring characteristics. In this paper, the formation pathways and reservoiring characteristics of biogenic gas reservoirs in China are described in terms of the carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of 31 gas samples from 10 biogenic gas reservoirs. The study shows that the hydrogen isotopic compositions of these biogenic gas reservoirs can be divided into three intervals: δ>−200‰, −250‰<δ<-−200‰ and δ<−250‰. The forerunners believed that the main generation pathway of biogenic gas under the condition of continental fresh water is acetic fermentation. Our research results showed that the generation pathway of biogenic gas under the condition of marine facies is typical CO₂- reduction, the biogenic gas has heavy hydrogen isotopic composition: its δ values are higher than −200‰; that the biogenic gas under the condition of continental facies also was generated by the same way, but its hydrogen isotopic composition is lighter than that of biogenetic gas generated under typical marine facies condition: −250‰<δ<−200‰, the δ values may be related to the salinity of the water medium in ancient lakes. From the relevant data of the Qaidam Basin, it can be seen that the hydrogen isotopic composition of biogenic methane has the same variation trend with increasing salinity of water medium. There are biogenic gas reservoirs formed in transitional regions under the condition of continental facies. These gas reservoirs resulted from both CO₂-reduction and acetic fermentation, the formation of which may be related to the non-variant salinity of ancient water medium and the relatively high geothermal gradient, as is the case encountered in the Baoshan Basin. The biogenic gas generating in these regions has light hydrogen isotopic composition: δ<−250‰, and relatively heavy carbon isotopic composition. There is a fairly strong negative correlation between the carbon isotopic composition and the hydrogen isotopic composition. The generation mechanism and pathway of carbon, and the hydrogen isotopic composition of biogenic gas may be used to ascertain whether biogenic gas samples from the natural world are of industrial utilization value. In general, the biogenic gas formed by way of acetic fermentation is not propitious to the formation of gas reservoirs.     

秋季黄河pCO2控制因素及水-气界面通量

根据2006年11月1~10日,秋季黄河平水期二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)的现场实测数据及相关同步观测资料,对黄河表层水pCO₂的分布及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:水体pCO₂在80~166Pa,平均值110Pa,在世界主要河流中属中等偏下水平;空间分布存在较大的不均匀性,中游高于上游和下游。浮游植物的光合作用对pCO₂有一定的影响但强度较弱,即使在叶绿素最高值3.58μg/L的包头站pCO₂仍达到91Pa。黄河水体有机物含量较低且继承了陆源有机物难降解的特性,干流和库区EpCO₂/AOU的比值为0.14和0.20,远低于生物好氧呼吸作用控制水体pCO₂的理论下限0.62,因此,生物好氧呼吸作用对水体pCO₂的贡献不大。悬浮物(TSS)含量为3.77~1308mg/L,溶解无机碳(DIC)含量为3.03~4.14mmol/L,普遍高于世界其它河流且最大值均出现在潼关站;同时水体pCO₂与TSS、PIC、DIC含量具有极好的正相关性。因此黄河流域强烈的机械侵蚀和化学风化作用形成的碳酸盐体系是控制水体pCO₂的主要因素。利用Wanninkhof提出的淡水水-气交换系数的通量模式估算,黄河水域水-气界面CO₂交换速率约为0.229μmol/m2·s,秋季可向大气释放CO₂14.5亿moL,相当于8250km2草原或是112km2森林一年的固碳量。黄河CO₂释放通量与渥太华河相近,但要远小于亚马逊河。     

应用超基性岩尾矿封存CO2——以金川铜镍矿尾矿为例

通过CO2矿物封存可以降低人类活动产生的温室气体的排放,富镁硅酸盐矿物经碳酸盐化作用转化为镁碳酸盐矿物可以实现CO2的封存,而超基性岩尾矿是CO2矿物封存的理想原料.我国可用于封存CO2的超基性岩尾矿包括铜镍矿尾矿、石棉尾矿、蛇纹石尾矿以及钒钛磁铁矿尾矿等.本文重点介绍金川铜镍矿尾矿的粒度、矿物组成、常量和微量元素,以...     

Depth of volcanic basalt degassing forecasted from CO2 fluid inclusions

Fluid inclusions have recorded the history of degassing in basalt. Some fluid inclusions in olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts of basalt were analyzed by micro-thermometry and Raman spectroscopy in this paper. The experimental results showed that many inclusions are present almost in a pure CO2 system. The densities of some CO2 inclusions were computed in terms of Raman spectroscopic characteristics of CO2 Fermi resonance at room temperature. Their densities change over a wide range, but mainly between 0.044 g/cm3 and 0.289 g/cm3. Their micro-thermometric measurements showed that the CO2 inclusions examined reached homogenization between 1145.5℃ and 1265℃ . The mean value of homogenization temperatures of CO2 inclusions in basalts is near 1210℃. The trap pressures (depths) of inclusions were computed with the equation of state and computer program. Distribution of the trap depths makes it know that the degassing of magma can happen over a wide pressure (depth) range, but mainly at the depth of 0.48 km to 3.85 km. This implicates that basalt magma experienced intensive degassing and the CO2 gas reservoir from the basalt magma also may be formed in this range of depths. The results of this study showed that the depth of basalt magma degassing can be forecasted from CO2 fluid inclusions, and it is meaningful for understanding the process of magma degassing and constraining the inorganogenic CO2 gas reservoir.     

二氧化碳爆破储层改造近炮孔处岩石性质变化及温度分布规律研究

传统的地热井井身结构不适用于利用二氧化碳爆破技术进行干热岩储层建造,因此本文基于二氧化碳爆破致裂技术建造干热岩储层的新型井身结构工艺进行了进一步探究。结合该工艺水平井段（炮孔）钻进过程实际工况,对钻井后水平井段（炮孔）附近干热岩储层的物理力学性质变化规律及储层温度分布特征进行了岩石力学实验和数值模拟研究。研究结果表明钻井液降温产生的热应力作用是储层岩石性质发生变化、出现热损伤区的主要原因;冷却过程中炮孔附近储层呈现出“快速降温区-平缓降温区-未降温区”的区域性温度分布特征;储层初始温度和冷却时长对快速降温区温度分布以及热损伤区范围影响较大。本研究可以为二氧化碳爆破致裂干热岩储层建造提供理论指导。     

海水二氧化碳分压测量用水-气平衡器

水-气平衡法被广泛地应用于海水CO₂分压(partial pressure,pCO₂)的测定。该方法采用水-气平衡器,使海水与平衡器上部顶空中的空气进行CO₂交换,达到平衡后测定该顶空空气中CO₂的浓度,再换算成海水pCO₂。水-气平衡器是海水pCO₂测量仪器的关键部件,其性能在很大程度上决定所获得的pCO₂数据的准确度和可靠性。本文介绍了水-气平衡器的平衡原理、平衡器时间常数的测量方法及影响因素,归纳了现有的4种用于海水pCO₂测量的水-气平衡器即喷淋式、鼓泡式、层流式及混合式平衡器的结构与特点,着重介绍了两种新型的水-气平衡器即基于射流器的鼓泡式平衡器和基于球形降膜的层流式平衡器,比较了不同水-气平衡器的尺寸、运行参数及时间常数,分析了设计和应用水-气平衡器时需考虑的因素。本文可为使用水-气平衡器测定海水pCO₂的技术人员提供技术参考。     

温室效应引起的中国区域气候变化的数值模拟Ⅱ:中国区域气候的可能变化

使用RegCM2区域气候模式单向嵌套澳大利亚CSIRO R21L9全球海-气耦合模式,进行了温室气体CO2加倍对中国气候变化影响的数值试验研究。该文为第2部分,对敏感性试验结果进行的分析。分析表明:由于温室效应,中国区域的地面气温特别是在冬季和北方将有明显升高,区域年平均的升高值为2.5℃;同时区域内日最高和最低气温将明显上升,日较差将减小。结果还表明,在CO2倍增条件下,中国区域降水将呈增加趋势,区域年平均的增加值为12％;以夏季的增加率最大,其次为冬季。中国汛期降水将呈现出“三类雨型”出现频率增多的趋势。南方的大雨日数将有所增加。此外,生成和影响中国的台风数目也将有所增加。温室气体的增加同时对环流场产生影响,如导致500 hPa高度场的升高。