气象要素对草面温度的影响分析及其质量控制方法

运用天气学原理,分析天气现象变化(辐射、云、降水、风)与草温变化的密切关系,找出草面温度的各种不同天气变化规律,对草面温度观测资料进行质量控制.     

贺州地区近三十年温度特征分析

通过对贺州地区四个测站(昭平、富川、钟山、贺州)1971～2000三十年温度记录的统计分析,发现贺州地区夏季炎热,冬季较冷,春、秋两季十分凉爽,冬季和春季较大幅度变暖.     

儋州市大雾天气变化特征及影响因素

利用海南省儋州市1979～2008年常规大雾观测资料,对该市大雾天气发生的频率等主要特征进行了分析,结果表明:儋州市年雾日30a来总体呈明显下降趋势,90年代以后雾日明显偏少;城市热岛效应、气候变暖等因素可能是90年代后儋州市大雾日数明显减少的主要原因;儋州市大雾天气以冬春季发生频率较高,大雾日的月分布呈1峰1谷的特征;相对湿度在81%以上,地表温度在11.0～30.0℃之间,风速小于3 m·s-1时易发生雾.     

Study on the Effects of Land Surface Heterogeneitiesin Temperature and Moisture on Annual Scale Regional Climate Simulation

The ``combined approach', which is suitable to represent subgrid land surface heterogeneity in both inter-patch and intra-patch variabilities, is employed in the Biosphere/Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) as a land surface component of the regional climate model RegCM3 to consider the heterogeneities in temperature and moisture at the land surface, and then annual-scale simulations for 5 years (1988--1992) were conducted. Results showed that on the annual scale, the models response to the heterogeneities is quite sensitive, and that the effect of the temperature heterogeneity (TH) is more pronounced than the moisture heterogeneity (MH). On the intraannual scale, TH may lead to more (less) precipitation in warm (cold) seasons, and hence lead to larger intraannual variability in precipitation; the major MH effects may be lagged by about 1 month during the warm, rainy seasons, inducing ～6% more precipitation for some sub-regions. Additionally, the modeled climate for the northern sub-regions shows larger sensitivities to the land surface heterogeneities than those for the southern sub-regions. Since state-of-art land surface models seldom account for surface intra-patch variabilities, this study emphasizes the importance of including this kind of variability in the land surface models.     

Estimation of Land Surface Temperature over the Tibetan Plateau Using AVHRR and MODIS Data

Estimation of large-scale land surface temperature from satellite images is of great importance for the study of climate change. This is especially true for the most challenging areas, such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this paper, two split window algorithms (SWAs), one for the NOAA’s Advanced Very High Resolu-tion Radiometer (AVHRR), and the other for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), were applied to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) over the TP simultaneously. AVHRR and M...     

边界层温度廓线遥感反演的本地化改进研究

采用MODIS资料和美国发展的MODIS大气温、湿度廓线统计反演算法,估算大气温度、湿度廓线作为初始场,应用101层快速透过率模式(PFAAST)估算了大气透过率,并采用Newton非线性迭代算法反演中国西北荒漠戈壁地区大气温度廓线。结果表明:该方法对边界层高度及以上部分的大气温度反演得比较好,误差基本都在2 K范围内,边界层范围内的温度反演误差较大,反演误差与气溶胶光学厚度增量和地表温度估算误差呈显著正相关关系,与大气水汽混合比的关系较差。文中从敏感性试验和理论分析角度阐述了地表温度和气溶胶光学厚度估算误差对大气温度反演误差的影响,发现不同光谱波段的地表温度权重均随地表温度的增加有不同程度增加,地表温度反演误差增加将增加地表温度权重,提高地表温度估算误差有助于提高地表温度权重的精度;荒漠戈壁地区大气边界层中气溶胶浓度较高,光学厚度较大,使边界层大气透过率降低,进而降低卫星红外遥感波段的地表温度权重和空气温度权重。由于该模式没有很好地考虑边界层中沙尘气溶胶的影响,使卫星反演的大气透过率偏高,以至于高估地表温度权重和大气温度权重,使得反演的表面温度和空气温度偏低。该研究结合太阳光度计获得的光学厚度资料,采用统计方法对气溶胶效应引起的大气透过率误差和表面温度估算误差进行校正,并对物理算法进行本地化改进,实现了边界层温度廓线的反演。     

CO2 Flux Estimation by Different Regression Methods from an Alpine Meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

CO2 efflux was estimated using different regression methods in static chamber observation from an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The CO2 efflux showed a seasonal pattern, with the maximun flux occurring in the middle of July. The temperature sensitivity of CO2 efflux (Q10> was 3.9, which was at the high end of the range of global values. CO2 emissions calculated by linear and nonlinear regression were significantly different (p<0.05). Compared with the linear regression, CO2 emissions calculated by exponential regression and quadratic regression were 12.7% and 11.2% larger, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in temperature sensitivity values estimated by the three methods. In the entire growing season, the CO2 efflux estimated by linear regression may be underestimated by up to 25% compared to the real CO2 efflux. Consequently, great caution should be taken when using published flux data obtained by linear regression of static chamber observations to estimate the regional CO2 flux in alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

1976年大气环流突变前后中国四季降水量异常和温度的年代际变化及其影响因子

利用NCEP/NCAR全球2.5°×2.5°月平均再分析资料和中国国家气候中心(NMC)提供的743站降水和温度资料分析了1976年大气环流突变前后中国四季降水量异常和温度的年代际对比特征,发现1976年后,春季中国华南降水偏多、温度偏低,长江流域西部降水偏少、温度偏低。夏季降水主要呈现华南少、长江流域多、华北少和东北多的"-、+、-、+"的分布形势,温度表现为华南增暖、长江淮河流域冷却和北方增暖的分布特征。秋季中国大部分地区降水量异常是减少的、温度是上升的。冬季华南地区降水量异常虽有增加但不显著,整个中国区域几乎呈增暖趋势。中国平均温度的年代际变化在春季和夏季的降温主要受最高温度变化影响、升温主要受最低温度影响;秋季的整体增暖受最低温度影响更大,而冬季的整体增暖受最高温度影响更大。造成以上变化的原因与1976年大气环流突变前后,四季哈德来环流上升支和下沉支的南北推移、西风急流的增强和位置的南北移动、大气层结的干湿状况以及水汽输送的来源密切相关。     

基于Landsat/TM资料研究广州城市热岛现象

利用Landsat/TM卫星资料及气象观测资料,基于覃志豪单窗算法对地表温度进行反演,根据热岛强度定义进行热岛强度、热岛范围的定量计算。研究结果表明,在考虑初始地温、总辐射量、植被状况等因素的影响之后,2000年至2005年间,广州市热岛现象呈现明显增强趋势,2000年11月1日、2002年11月7日、2005年11月23日热岛强度指数分别为1.15、1.20、2.89,热岛面积分别为235.44 km~2、261.09 km~2、381.42 km~2。人口增长刺激城市化加剧、温室效应增强使得地表蓄积热量增加是导致广州城市热岛效应增强的主要原因。     

舒适感觉与气象条件有关吗——兼说体感温度

舒适是人的一种感觉,是人通过自己的感觉器官所获得的身体或精神上的愉悦感。