若尔盖铀矿田碳氧同位素特征及其成因

研究了若尔盖铀矿田中灰岩、硅灰岩及方解石脉的碳氧同位素组成,结果表明产于地层中的灰岩、硅灰岩及方解石脉的δ13C值为-1.48‰～3.18‰,平均为1.51‰,为海洋沉积碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成特征;δ18O值为-12.81‰～-3.71‰,平均为-9.92‰,在铀矿田中δ18O值最高.与成矿作用关系最为密切的含矿方解石脉δ13C值为-2.78‰～-4.81‰,平均为-3.93‰,明显表现为地幔来源的特点;δ18O值为-13.14‰～-15.05‰,平均为-13.87‰,其值在铀矿田中介于地层中岩石(脉)与矿区方解石脉之间.矿区方解石脉的δ13C值为-3.53‰～-6.35‰,平均为-4.93‰,与含矿方解石脉的碳同位素组成相近,表明其亦是成矿作用的产物;δ18O值为-16.00‰～-24.75‰,平均为-19.36‰,在铀矿田中δ18O值最低,明显表现为深部来源特征.综合若尔盖铀矿田的碳氧同位素组成特征,暗示其成矿流体应当来源于地幔.     

西太平洋暖池北部15万年以来的碳同位素低值事件

对取自西太平洋暖池北部的MD06-3052孔的浮游有孔虫表层种Globigerinoides ruber进行了稳定氧碳同位素测试与分析,在所建立的年龄模式基础上,揭示了该孔150 ka以来氧碳同位素的变化特征及其碳同位素低值事件的时间。结果表明,150 ka以来碳同位素总体上显示出逐渐变重的趋势,其变化不同于氧同位素,并未表现出冰期-间冰期尺度的变化特征,且全新世和末次间冰期碳同位素差异较大。在所识别出的6次碳同位素的低值事件中,除倒数第二次冰消期与岁差低值有相位差以外,其余均与岁差低值都有很好的对应。幅度较大的3次发生于冷期/暖期的过渡期,其中末次冰消期的碳同位素记录受到浊流的侵蚀作用,有部分缺失;该孔与其他海区记录的相似性进一步证实了3次冰消期的δ13C低值事件的普遍性。     

Interpretation of homogeneity in δ18O signatures of stream water in a nested sub-catchment system in north-east Scotland

The isotope hydrology of a set of nested sub-catchments in the north-east of Scotland has been studied to examine the mixing processes and residence times of water in the catchments. The measured δ¹⁸O in stream waters was found to be exceptionally uniform both temporally and spatially. Hydrochemical mixing analyses showed that groundwater contributes between 62 and 90% of the stream flow in all sub-catchments. Model analysis indicated that the δ¹⁸O in stream water is indicative of a highly mixed system in which near surface runoff appears to be mixed with groundwater, within the soil profile, before being released from the catchment. Small fluctuations in the stream water δ¹⁸O response are generated by a small proportion (<10%) of less-well mixed water in infiltration excess runoff during storm events. A comparative application of the model to a nearby catchment, which has a lower proportion of groundwater runoff, demonstrated contrasting behaviour, with significantly less mixing of waters occurring and a more distinct difference in the age of runoff generated by different flow paths. This highlighted that standard methods for characterization of mixing mechanisms are often insufficient and may not discriminate between systems that have retained quite distinct flow paths throughout catchment transit, and those which have been mixed at some stage. Model sensitivity analysis also indicated that the simulated mean residence time of water varies most strongly in response to different parameters compared with the δ¹⁸O response. This has implications for estimating water residence times from isotope data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Isotope hydrology of the Oldman River basin,southern Alberta,Canada

The partially semi-arid Oldman River basin (OMRB), located in southern Alberta (Canada), has an area of 28 200 km², is forested in its western headwater part, and is used for agriculture in its eastern part. Hydrometric measurements indicate that flow in the Oldman River has decreased by ∼34% between 1913 and 2003, and it is predicted that water withdrawals will increase in the next 20 years. The objective of this study was to determine whether isotope ratio measurements can provide further insight into the water dynamics of the Oldman River and its tributaries. Surface water samples were collected monthly between December 2000 and March 2003. Groundwater samples were taken from 58 wells during one-time sampling trips. Runoff within the OMRB is currently about 70 mm year⁻¹, with a corresponding runoff ratio of 0·18. Seasonal flow characteristics are markedly different upstream and downstream of the Oldman River reservoir. Upstream, sharp increases in flow in late spring and early summer are followed by a rapid decrease to base flow levels. Downstream, a prolonged high flow peak is observed due to the storage effect of the Oldman River reservoir. The seasonal variation in the isotopic composition of surface water from upstream sites is small. This suggests that peak runoff is not predominantly generated by melting snow accumulated during the preceding winter, but mainly by relatively well-mixed young groundwater. A significant increase in the δ¹⁸O and δ²H values in the downstream part of the basin was observed. The increase in the isotopic values is partly due to surface water and groundwater influx with progressively higher δ¹⁸O and δ²H values in the eastern part, and partly due to evaporation. Hence, the combination of hydrometric data with isotope measurements yields valuable insights into the water dynamics in the OMRB that may be further refined with more intensive measurement programmes in the future. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial and temporal distributions of stable isotopes in precipitation over Thailand

Spatial and temporal variations of the isotopic composition of precipitation over Thailand were investigated. The local meteoric water line for Thailand deviates slightly from the global meteoric water line, with lower slopes (7.62 ± 0.07, 7.59 ± 0.08) and intercepts (6.42 ± 0.39, 6.22 ± 0.42) using ordinary and precipitation weighted methods. Differences in spatial and temporal δ¹⁸O distributions between the tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climate zones were found due to differing moisture source contributions and seasonal precipitation patterns. The temporal data reveals that the northeast monsoon rains originate from isotopically-enriched local moisture with isotope values of −9.36 to −0.09‰ (mean − 3.73 ± 0.42‰), whereas the southwest monsoon clouds had a more significant rainout effect from Rayleigh distillation, with isotope values of −9.56 to −1.78‰ (mean − 5.40 ± 0.38‰). The precipitation amount at each site was negatively correlated with δ¹⁸O (−0.24 to −3.20‰ per 100 mm, R² = 0.1–0.9). Furthermore, δ¹⁸O was negatively correlated with geography (latitude, altitude) for the southwest monsoon periods, as expected based on other observed correlations. However, an inverse correlation was seen in the northeast monsoon due to differing moisture transportation as part of the continental effect. The correlation coefficient (R) was higher in the southwest monsoon (−0.84 for latitude effect, −0.64 for altitude effect) than the northeast monsoon (0.67 for latitude effect, 0.35 for altitude effect). The spatial pattern of isotopic composition reflects the southwest monsoon more clearly than the northeast monsoon, but the two monsoons also have a cancelling impact on orographic patterns. An agreement of the δ¹⁸O and deuterium excess (d-excess) was a negative correlation and found to reflect precipitation sources and re-evaporation processes. The d-excess was slightly higher for the northeast monsoon, bringing moisture from the Pacific Ocean and travelling across the continent before reaching the observed stations. By contrast, the d-excess was relatively lower for the Indian Ocean's moisture in the southwest monsoon.     

中国黄土高原沉积物稳定碳同位素指标在古植被环境研究中的进展

重建古植被、古气候演化历史一直是地质学领域的研究热点,恢复晚新生代以来古植被环境变化不仅可以加深气候驱动机制的理解,而且可以更准确地预测未来气候变化趋势。黄土沉积中不同载体（如土壤总有机碳、次生碳酸盐、正构烷烃和黑碳等）的稳定碳同位素组成响应植被和气候变化,被广泛应用于古植被环境研究。然而,黄土沉积中不同碳同位素组成的影响因素复杂等又在一定程度上限制了指标的准确性及不同指标间的相互印证。分析中国黄土高原22个典型沉积剖面约2500个样品的总有机碳稳定碳同位素（δ¹³C_TOC）与磁化率数据表明,二者具有复杂的时间、空间特征。约100ka以来,绝大部分剖面δ¹³C_TOC与磁化率的相关性较好,指示夏季风强盛时C₄植物增多。但在更长时间尺度上,要充分考虑δ¹³C_TOC分馏和区域气候差异的影响。空间演化上,现代季风-非季风区分界线附近的剖面δ¹³C_TOC与磁化率的相关性极高（R²>0.7,p < 0.001）,可能指示该区域植被对季风强弱变化十分敏感。综合对比灵台、蓝田、白水等6个剖面的次生碳酸盐碳同位素记录（δ¹³C_PC）,将该指标用于黄土高原地区古植被比例重建时,首先要修正大气CO₂的影响,也可利用黄土序列δ¹³C_PC记录来进行重建古大气pCO₂等新的研究。目前,正构烷烃单体碳同位素（δ¹³C_n-alkanes）相关记录较少,研究发现该指标可较好地指示植被演化,渭南剖面的δ¹³C_n-alkanes记录呈现出与古温度、古降水等气候指标较好的一致性,但样品提取困难也阻碍了δ¹³C_n-alkanes的深入研究。黑碳稳定碳同位素（δ¹³C_BC）更多反映的是燃烧植被信息,在以草本和灌木植被类型为主的区域与δ¹³C_TOC记录更为一致,可以较为准确地指示生长植被类型的变化。

     

人为活动对乌江中上游段岩溶地下水δ13CDIC及碳汇效应的影响

定量评价人为活动对岩溶碳汇效应的影响有助于提高岩石风化碳汇通量估算精度,对当前全球气候变化研究意义重大。本文选取乌江中上游段岩溶区为研究对象,在雨季和旱季对研究区68个岩溶地下水（雨季42个,旱季26个）的水化学、溶解无机碳（DIC）同位素组成（δ13CDIC）进行了测试,利用化学计量法计算了H2SO4和HNO3对流域岩溶碳汇效应的影响程度。结果表明：1）雨季和旱季岩溶地下水中阴离子均以HCO3-和SO42-为主,两者占总阴离子的85%以上;阳离子以Ca2+和Mg2+为主,两者占总阳离子的55%以上。Ca2++Mg2+相对于HCO3-过量,过量的Ca2++Mg2+与SO42-+NO3-相平衡。2）雨季和旱季岩溶地下水的δ13CDIC值分别介于-14.19‰~-8.27‰和-12.98‰~-9.09‰之间。总体上,雨季的δ13CDIC更为偏负,且变化范围较大,均与[SO42-+NO3-]/[HCO3-]呈正相关性,证实H2SO4和HNO3参与了流域碳酸盐岩的溶蚀并使δ13CDIC值增加。3）由于H2SO4和HNO3参与,雨季碳酸盐岩溶蚀消耗的CO2（CO2ATM-SOIL）占水中HCO3-的比例（CO2ATM-SOIL/total HCO3-）平均值为33.83%,旱季平均值为35.84%,与H2CO3溶蚀碳酸盐岩的CO2ATM-SOIL/total HCO3-理论值（50%）相比,分别减少16.17%和14.16%。因此,雨季岩溶碳汇效应将减少32.34%,旱季将减少28.32%。     

硝酸盐氮氧同位素在不同生态系统中的研究进展

硝酸盐作为氮循环中的重要物质之一,已成为地下水污染的主要形式。硝酸盐的来源分为自然源和人为源。不同来源的硝酸盐具有不同的同位素特征,因此可以利用N、O同位素来识别硝酸盐的来源、迁移和转化。本文通过综述硝酸盐的主要来源及其同位素特征,简要介绍了硝酸盐同位素检测技术的发展历程,影响同位素分馏的相关作用过程;同时简述了硝酸盐同位素在农业、沙漠、森林、城市生态系统中开展的相关研究,概述了研究中存在的问题,并展望了今后的发展方向。     

可可西里古湖泊沉积物有机碳δ13C变化特征及其影响因素

文章选择青藏高原腹地可可西里边缘地区古湖泊为研究对象,通过对湖泊沉积物有机碳、氮和粒度等分析,对中更新世以来BDQ06孔湖泊沉积物有机碳同位素的波动特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:湖泊沉积物有机质以湖泊自生植物为主,有机碳同位素的大小主要指示挺水植物与沉水植物的比例,进而指示湖泊水体大小的变化。沉积物C/N值较低时;碳同位素偏重阶段,湖泊沉积物以沉水植物为主,植物主要利用水中溶解的CO₂进行光合作用,因此有机碳同位素偏正,指示湖泊水体较大,环境条件较好;碳同位素偏负阶段,湖泊沉积物以挺水植物和浮游生物为主,植物主要利用大气中CO₂作为碳源,类似于C3植物,碳同位素偏轻,指示湖泊水体较小,气候偏干。其中在岩芯的部分层位有机碳δ13C曲线出现几个明显偏低的位置,对应的C/N>10,说明此时段有大量陆源高等植物进入湖泊,并不是由挺水植物和浮游植物所造成的。     

末次冰期以来南海北部沉积有机碳记录及其古植被环境信息

末次冰期以来南海北部深海沉积物中陆源植被碎屑来源及其指示的植被类型变化等一直存在争议。正构烷烃比值、正构烷烃碳同位素(δ13Calk)及总有机碳同位素(δ13CTOC)等有机碳指标的应用可能为之提供新的证据。南海北部MD05-2905岩芯中正构烷烃比值C31/C27,C31/(C31+C27+C29)和ACL(长链烷烃平均链长)等呈现末次冰期高,全新世低的变化,指示末次冰期草本植物相对增多,全新世木本植物较多。δ13CTOC及δ13Calk均呈现末次冰期相对偏正,全新世偏负的变化,指示C4植物在冰期增多,间接印证草本植物的增多。末次冰期,由于相对冷干的气候、大气CO2浓度的降低,以及低海平面导致陆架的广阔出露,均有利于更多草本植物的生长。末次冰消期及全新世随着温度的升高及降水的增多,森林植被发育,C3植物相对较多。该岩芯碳同位素结果与南海北部孢粉结果的对比表明,南海北部深海沉积中正构烷烃指标指示南海北部周边较大区域范围的植被变化信息。