太平洋牡蛎内切葡聚糖酶基因的克隆、序列特性和表达分析

内切葡聚糖酶是一种重要的纤维素酶,在纤维素水解过程中起到重要作用。本实验利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE)克隆获得了太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)内切葡聚糖酶基因,并对其基因结构和系统进化进行了分析。内切葡聚糖酶cDNA全长802bp,开放阅读框架630bp,编码209个氨基酸。基因组DNA全长505 6bp,含有两段内含子长度分别为205 3和231 3bp。cDNA具有与已发现的内切葡聚糖酶基因相同的保守区结构和功能域,并且与其他已知贝类的内切葡聚糖酶有较高的同源性。利用RT-PCR方法研究了该基因在太平洋牡蛎消化腺、外套膜、鳃、肌肉、性腺和唇瓣组织中的表达,发现内切葡聚糖酶基因仅在消化腺中表达,而在其他组织中没有表达。     

2005年6月华南特大连续性暴雨的环境条件和中尺度扰动分析

利用常规观测站、地面加密站资料、卫星红外云图TBB和NCEP再分析资料,对2005年6月19—24日发生在广东的特大连续性暴雨过程进行了分析。天气分析表明：高空南亚高压前部的强辐散场,500 hPa河套阻塞高压以及低层低涡切变线横卧在江淮一带、低空急流源源不断地向华南输送暖湿气流的这种大尺度环流形势和相应的大范围动力热力及水汽条件,决定了暴雨的多发时期和持续性;区域暴雨多发期内5次强降水的具体发生和间歇,则与暴雨区大气动力、热力及水汽条件的5个 α 中尺度时间变化与震荡密切联系并受其影响;暴雨区动力条件的α中尺度时间变化与特定的大尺度环流背景下高低空急流的演变有密切的关系。降水的中尺度特征分析表明：暴雨过程中5场暴雨的发展和间歇对应5个 α 中尺度系统的发展和减弱,暴雨是由19个 β 中尺度系统直接造成19个 β 中尺度大雨团形成。进一步分析表明：强降水主要发生在地面静止锋和锋前暖区的中尺度切变线（或中尺度辐合线）和中尺度涡旋或中尺度辐合中心附近,中尺度涡旋内的降水是由飑线上 γ 中尺度对流单体形成的“列车效应”产生的,而中尺度切变线附近的降水则是飑线的发展合并加强产生的。发生在冷式切变线附近的强降水移动速度较快,发生在暖式切变线附近的强降水移动缓慢,发生在辐合中心的强降水在原地发展达最强后随辐合中心转为切变线减弱或直接在原地减弱消失而结束。     

中国鲎N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性必需基团的研究

为了探讨中国鲎N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(EC3.2.1.52,NAGase)活性的必需基团,采用了化学修饰法进行研究,分别以甲醛、乙酸酐、三硝基苯磺酸、对氯汞苯甲酸、苯甲基磺酰氟、二巯基苏糖醇、乙酰丙酮、溴代乙酸、碘代乙酸、N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺等10种修饰剂,在特定环境中对中国鲎NAGase进行化学修饰。结果表明:中国鲎NAGase中赖氨酸的ε-氨基、组氨酸的咪唑基、色氨酸的吲哚基和丝氨酸的羟基经修饰后,酶活力几近丧失,这些氨基酸基团为酶活性的必需基团,且可能处于酶的活性部位;半胱氨酸的巯基经修饰后不完全失活,说明半胱氨酸的巯基是NAGase催化活性所必需的,但可能不处于酶的活性部位;酶的二硫键被修饰后,酶活力明显下降,说明二硫键在维系NAGase的三维空间构象中起重要作用;而精氨酸的胍基经修饰后酶的活性基本不变,因此,精氨酸不是NAGase的必需基团。     

一种海洋拟诺卡氏菌产生的胞内中性β-葡萄糖苷酶

从一株海洋放线菌株HY-G中纯化得到了一种胞内中性β-葡萄糖苷酶。通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和Superdex 200凝胶柱层析估计酶分子质量分别是43.3 kD和45.0 kD,两者估计值接近,表明该酶是一个单聚体,不含亚基。采用对硝基酚基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(p-NPG)做底物,测得该酶的最适pH和最适温度分别为pH 7.5和40?C。该酶在pH 6.0～7.0最稳定,在70?C保温30 min仍能保留56%的酶活力,表明具有一定的温度稳定性。基于16S rRNA基因的分类研究表明,该菌株属于拟诺卡氏菌属。     

4株琼胶降解菌的分离、鉴定及产酶条件分析

从海藻及海参中分离筛选得到4株琼胶降解菌HD、JL、QJ和HS,均为革兰氏阴性菌,确定了它们发酵产酶的最佳条件均为：2216E海水培养基、初始 Ph 7.5、琼胶底物浓度0.30%、培养温度28℃、培养时间36 h。大部分酶分泌到细菌细胞外。生理生化检测、16SrDNA序列同源性及聚类分析结果表明, HD、JL、HS为白色噬琼胶菌(Agarivorans albus);QJ的16SrDNA序列与Simiduia sp.,糖噬胞菌属( Saccharophagus sp.)和船蛆杆菌(Teredinibacter sp.)的相似性为93%~94%,在进化树上单独形成一个分支,但生理生化特征与它们有所不同,分类地位需要进一步确定。从HD、JL和HS中能克隆到β-琼胶酶基因,它们与其他物种的β-琼胶酶基因序列的相似性为97%~98%。     

Distribution of Delphinidae (Cetacea) in relation to sea surface temperatures off Eastern and Southern New Zealand

Records of four species of Delphinidae, Delphinus delphis, Lissodelphis peroni, Lagenorhynchus obscurus, and Lagenorhynchus cruciger in waters to the east and south‐east of New Zealand are discussed in relation to surface temperatures.

In this region D. delphis appears to be largely confined north of the Subtropical Convergence and a minimum surface temperature of about 14°c, and near New Zealand from Hawke Bay southward in the warm water of the East Cape Current; L. peroni to the Subtropical Convergence and the subantarctic water to the south of it, between surface temperatures of 9°c and 16°c; L. obscurus to the immediate vicinity of the Subtropical Convergence and surface temperatures in summer of about 14° to 15°c, and L. cruciger across the Antarctic Convergence region, in a surface temperature range of 2° to 9°c.     

Cloning and expression patterns of two Smad genes during embryonic development and shell formation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Increasing evidence indicates that transforming growth factor β(TGF-P) signaling pathways play many important roles in the early development of mollusks.However,limited information is known concerning their detailed mechanisms.Here,we describe the identification,cloning and characterization of two Smad genes,the key components of TGF-P signaling pathways,from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.Sequence analysis of the two genes,designated as cgi-smad1/5/8 and cgi-smad4,revealed conserved functional characteristics.The two genes were widely expressed in embryos and larvae,suggesting multiple roles in the early development of C.gigas.The mRNA of the two genes aggregated in the D quadrant and cgi-smad4 was highly expressed on the dorsal side of the gastrula,indicating that TGF-P signaling pathways may be involved in dorsoventral patterning in C.gigas.Furthermore,high expression levels of the two genes in the shell fields of embryos at different stages suggested important roles for TGF-P signaling pathways in particular phases of shell development,including the formation of the initial shell field and the biomineralization of larval shells.The results of this study provide fundamental support for elucidating how TGF-P signaling pathways participate in the early development of bivalve mollusks,and suggest that further work is warranted to this end.     

Zonal jets and cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry in decaying rotating turbulence: laboratory experiments and numerical simulations

The problem of zonal jet formation and cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry in decaying rotating turbulence is addressed using both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations with a high-resolution shallow water model in a spherical geometry. Experiments are performed at different Rossby and Froude numbers and applying a rigid wall as meridional boundary in the numerical scheme to mimic the experimental apparatus. The formation of a zonally banded flow pattern, i.e. meridionally confined easterly/westerly jets, has observed; both experimental and numerical results confirmed that this tendency is favoured by high-planetary vorticity gradients. Also, in the experiments characterized by large rotation speeds and small Rossby deformation radius, an initial symmetric distribution of relative vorticity is found to evolve towards a dominance of anticyclonic structures, indicating a breaking of the cyclone–anticyclone symmetry. This aspect has deepened by numerically analysing the sensitivity of the temporal variations of the asymmetry index with respect to the position of the meridional confinement as well as the effect of relaxing the divergence of the fluid (i.e. non-divergent case) to zero. Results suggested that experiments characterized by the higher rotation speed and the lower fluid thickness are better reproduced by a divergent model with a high-latitude meridional boundary.     

Nonlocal modons on the beta-plane

Abstract

The vortex pair known as a modon is a classical solitary wave in the sense that it decays exponentially with distance from the center of the wave whenever the modon's phase speed of the wave is outside the linear range. In contrast, when ?1 < c < 0, the modon “far field” is oscillatory so that the modon is “nonlocal” in the sense that it has nonzero amplitude even at arbitrarily far distances from the vortex maximum. However, Tribbia and Verkley have independently noted that the oscillatory far field may be very weak for some parameter ranges.     

四川盆地暖区暴雨特征分析

给出四川盆地暖区暴雨的定义,并根据天气形势和影响系统将其分为西南涡型、副热带高压边缘型、西南急流型和东南风型四类.然后利用2008-2018年5-9月常规和自动站逐时降水资料统计分析四类暖区暴雨的时空分布特征和降水性质,并选取典型个例,对暴雨中尺度特征和成因进行了分析.主要结论包括:四类暖区暴雨易发于山脉迎风坡、喇叭口...