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901.
We present the seasonal and geographical variations of the martian water vapor monitored from the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer Long Wavelength Channel aboard the Mars Express spacecraft. Our dataset covers one martian year (end of Mars Year 26, Mars Year 27), but the seasonal coverage is far from complete. The seasonal and latitudinal behavior of the water vapor is globally consistent with previous datasets, Viking Orbiter Mars Atmospheric Water Detectors (MAWD) and Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS/TES), and with simultaneous results obtained from other Mars Express instruments, OMEGA and SPICAM. However, our absolute water columns are lower and higher by a factor of 1.5 than the values obtained by TES and SPICAM, respectively. In particular, we retrieve a Northern midsummer maximum of 60 pr-μm, lower than the 100-pr-μm observed by TES. The geographical distribution of water exhibits two local maxima at low latitudes, located over Tharsis and Arabia. Global Climate Model (GCM) simulations suggest that these local enhancements are controlled by atmospheric dynamics. During Northern spring, we observe a bulge of water vapor over the seasonal polar cap edge, consistent with the northward transport of water from the retreating seasonal cap to the permanent polar cap. In terms of vertical distribution, we find that the water volume mixing ratio over the large volcanos remains constant with the surface altitude within a factor of two. However, on the whole dataset we find that the water column, normalized to a fixed pressure, is anti-correlated with the surface pressure, indicating a vertical distribution intermediate between control by atmospheric saturation and confinement to a surface layer. This anti-correlation is not reproduced by GCM simulations of the water cycle, which do not include exchange between atmospheric and subsurface water. This situation suggests a possible role for regolith-atmosphere exchange in the martian water cycle. 相似文献
902.
903.
Laboratory experiments on the impact disruption of ice-silicate mixtures were conducted to clarify the accretion process of small icy bodies. Since the icy bodies are composed of ice and silicates with various porosities, we investigated the effect of porosity on the impact disruption of mixtures. We tested the mixture target with the mass ratio of ice to silicate, 0.5 and with 5 different porosities (0, 12.5, 25, 32, 37%) at the impact velocities of 150 to 670 m/s. The silicate mass ratio was changed from 0 to 0.5 in steps of 0.1 at a porosity of 12.5% and a constant impact velocity of about 300 m/s. The impact strength of the mixture was found to decrease with increasing porosity and the silicate mass ratio between 0.1 and 0.5 could enhance the strength of the icy target. The observed dependence of the impact strength on the porosity is opposite to that observed for pure ice. This difference could play an important role in ice-silicate fractionation during the accretion process. Because, ice rich bodies are easily broken as the porosity decreases in their evolution, the collisional growth could be prohibited. On the other hand, among the silicate rich bodies the collisional growth could be enhanced. 相似文献
904.
S. Kailas 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1986,7(2):53-57
From the experimentally measured (p,n) cross-sections for92,94Zr,93Nb,95,96,98Mo,103Rh,107,109Ag,110Pd,115In,117,122Sn nuclides, for proton energies below 7 MeV, thermonuclear reaction rates in the temperature range 1≤T
9≤5(T9=109 K) have been extracted. These reaction rates have been fitted to a three parameter empirical expression proposed by Fowler. 相似文献
905.
基于仙女山-九畹溪断裂带附近地区地质构造,讨论三峡水库蓄水前后该断裂带附近地区的地震活动特征,同时分析该区域2014-03 M4.5与M4.7地震间的触发关系及2次地震对后续小震的影响。结果表明:1)M4.7地震可能由M4.5地震与库水渗流产生的较大孔隙压力共同触发。2)M4.5与M4.7两次地震的应力扰动导致研究区内地震活动增加,后续地震中约66.9%的地震发生于库仑应力增强区。3)2次地震产生的静态库仑应力变化导致仙女山断裂带附近地区地震活动增加,后续地震活动水平将处于背景地震活动水平之上;九畹溪断裂带活动性相对较弱,略小于背景地震活动水平,且处于应力积累阶段。 相似文献
906.
利用CMONOC提供的GNSS连续观测数据分析天顶对流层延迟(ZTD)代替水汽的可行性,并利用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)和小波变换(WT)开展GNSS ZTD对超强东部型厄尔尼诺事件的响应分析。结果表明,超强东部型厄尔尼诺事件会增加中国大陆地区水汽含量,在热带及亚热带地区响应更为显著;同时该事件会影响GNSS ZTD 的显著变化周期,使9个月的变化周期减弱,0.8~3个月内的变化周期增强。 相似文献
907.
基于京津冀地震台网观测资料,利用CAP方法反演滦州MS4.3地震、昌黎MS4.2地震及其MS3.3余震的震源机制,并利用近震深度震相获得更为准确的震源深度,结合双差定位法获得2个地震序列的震源分布结果,对发震构造及成因关联开展分析研究。结果显示:1)滦州MS4.3地震的节面Ⅰ走向、倾角、滑动角分别为211°、85°、168°,节面Ⅱ分别为302°、78°、5°,震源错动类型为走滑型,震源深度为8 km,地震序列的震源分布呈NNE向,短轴剖面显示断层面倾角近垂直,认为其发震断层面为节面Ⅰ;昌黎MS4.2地震及MS3.3余震的节面Ⅰ分别为189°、68°、161°及190°、61°、170°,节面Ⅱ分别为286°、72°、23°及285°、81°、29°,震源错动类型同为走滑型,震源深度为10.5 km,地震序列的震源分布呈NNE向,短轴剖面显示断层面倾角近垂直,认为其发震断层面为节面Ⅰ;2)基于滦州MS4.3地震、昌黎MS4.2地震及滦州MS7.1地震的震源参数结果,结合区域地质构造等资料分析认为,3次地震的发震构造不是上地壳先存断裂,而可能与震源区的深部构造背景密切相关,即壳内包体现象是孕育这些地震的共同基础。 相似文献
908.
??????M8.0????????????????????С???????????????????о???????????λ????????????????????ν???ие???????????????????1??M8.0??????????????????????????????????????С????????????????????????????????????????????????42°????????????????????????????20 km??2?????????????????????????????????????10 km?????????????????С??????????????????????????????????????????????????????λ?????????7 km??3??2??14??
ML3.7?????????????????93°?????????????????????С??????????????????????????????????2???????£????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????4??2??28??ML3.8?????????λ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????£???????????? 相似文献
909.
Mark A. Bishop 《Icarus》2007,191(1):151-157
The geographic signature of dune distribution and self-organization as measured by the R-statistic offers a viewpoint on the geography of crescentic eolian systems and proposes an index from which to determine the degree of self-organization across a variety of spatial scales. Fields of simple dunes (dome, barchan, barchan-seif) are comparatively less regular in distribution than are those fields, or part thereof, that consist of compound (barchanoid) morphologies whose patterns are more highly regular. 相似文献
910.
The atmosphere of Mars does little to attenuate incoming ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Large amounts of UV radiation sterilize the hardiest of terrestrial organisms within minutes, and chemically alter the soil such that organic molecules at or near the surface are rapidly destroyed. Thus the survival of any putative martian life near the surface depends to a large extent on how much UV radiation it receives. Variations in small-scale geometry of the surface such as pits, trenches, flat faces and overhangs can have a significant effect on the incident UV flux and may create “safe havens” for organisms and organic molecules. In order to examine this effect, a 1-D radiative transfer sky model with 836 meshed points (plus the Sun) was developed which includes both diffuse and direct components of the surface irradiance. This model derives the variation of UV flux with latitude and an object's Geometric Shielding Ratio (a ratio which describes the geometry of each situation). The best protection is offered by overhangs with flux reduced to a factor of 1.8±0.2×10−5 of the unprotected value, a reduction which does not vary significantly by latitude. Pits and cracks are less effective with a reduction in UV flux of only up to 4.5±0.5×10−3 for the modeled scenarios; however, they are more effective for the same geometric shielding ratio than overhangs at high latitudes due to the low height of the Sun in the sky. Lastly, polar faces of rocks have the least effective shielding geometry with at most a 1.1±0.1×10−1 reduction in UV flux. Polar faces of rocks are most effective at mid latitudes where the Sun is never directly overhead, as at tropical latitudes, and never exposes the back of the rock, as at polar latitudes. In the most favorable cases, UV flux is sufficiently reduced such that organic in-fall could accumulate beneath overhanging surfaces and in pits and cracks. As well, hardy terrestrial microorganisms such as Bacillus pumilus could persist for up to 100 sols on the outer surfaces of typical spacecraft or several tens of martian years in the most shielded surface niches. 相似文献