厦门国家级珍稀海洋物种自然保护区文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri)种群健康评价

利用2009-2010年四个季度月用底栖生物抓斗式采样器捕获的文昌鱼样品,从其资源分布、年龄结构、生物学和生态学特征等方面对厦门国家级珍稀海洋物种自然保护区文昌鱼的种群健康状况进行评价研究.结果表明:(1)文昌鱼种群资源分布衰减趋势明显,只在黄厝—前埔海区、小嶝岛—角屿海区和南线—十八线海区3个核心区还有分布,但资源密度低,分布范围狭小,而在鳄鱼屿实验区未能发现.(2)文昌鱼体重与体长之间关系:W=6.6895×10-4L3.1818;体长与体质量生长方程分别为:厶=65.63[1-e-0.68(t+032)],Wt=404.62[1-e-0.68(t+032)]3.1818;夏季、冬季航次的优势体长组分别为25-35mm和35-45mm,优势体重组分别为25-50mg和50-100mg;秋季低龄鱼较多,而冬季高龄鱼比例较高.(3)采用ELEFAN Ⅰ技术分析了厦门文昌鱼的Von Bertalanffy生长参数K、L∞、总死亡系数Z、自然死亡系数M和开发率E,发现其生长参数K值较大,自然死亡系数较高,开发率较大(0.69).综之,厦门自然保护区内的文昌鱼种群健康状况整体不佳,应注意资源保护,加强保护文昌鱼栖息地的底质和水质以及防止过度捕捞以实现其资源可持续利用.     

青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)cDNA文库构建及免疫相关因子基因的筛选

在鳗弧菌侵染下,利用SMART方法构建了青蛤的cDNA文库,并采用高通量测序方法和BLASTX比对筛选出ESTs及免疫相关因子的基因.结果表明,所构建的cDNA文库的库容量为1.12×106,插入片段均在500bp以上;大于100bp的有效ESTs序列1113条,平均长度725bp,拼接后获得一致性序列420条,其中包括126个叠联群和294个单拷贝EST,BLASTX比对后获得注释序列271条,进一步筛选获得青蛤免疫相关因子基因序列45条,为克隆其免疫防御相关因子的基因提供了重要的基础.     

我国沿海马尾藻属(Sargassum)的物种多样性及其区系分布特征

通过对我国沿海多次野外实地考查以及文献报道,采用统计学的分析方法,研究了马尾藻属海藻资源的物种构成和区系分布特征.结果表明,马尾藻属种数在我国海域的水平分布呈现出北少南多的趋势,黄、东海仅17种,南海达到124种、占世界马尾藻总数的36.47％.其中,黄海西区、东海西区、南海北区和南海南区种数及小区单一分布种类数分别为10、13、82和61种及2、3、52和42种.我国特有种类为64种、占世界尾藻总数的18.82％.在我国沿海马尾藻的垂直分布特征为:高潮带2种,低潮带91种,潮下带78种.     

Zn2+对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)的急性致毒效应

在水温(27.4±1.3)℃条件下,以体长(33.23±1.66)mm、体质量(0.7893±0.1518)g的日本沼虾为实验动物,采用静水停食法开展了Zn2+对日本沼虾的急性毒性实验,并以此为基础,测定了Zn2+不同质量浓度水平下日本沼虾的耗氧率与窒息点.结果表明:(1)Zn2+对日本沼虾的急性致死效应与其呼吸生理代谢受阻密切相关;(2) Zn2+对日本沼虾24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度依次为1.493、0.844、0.643和0.464mg/L; (3) Zn2+对日本沼虾昼均、夜均和日均耗氧率均无显著影响的阈值为0.046mg/L,该值为Zn2+对日本沼虾急性毒性的安全质量浓度;(4) Zn2+对日本沼虾产生轻度胁迫和中度胁迫的质量浓度范围分别为0.046-0.064mg/L和0.064-0.082mg/L.     

重金属Cu、Pb对泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)卵细胞凋亡及DNA损伤的SCGE试验

采用室内暴露试验方法,以单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE)检测,研究了Cu、Pb不同浓度梯度与不同暴露时间联合染毒对泥鳅卵细胞DNA的损伤.结果表明,各Cu、Pb浓度组DNA平均迁移长度增加,与阴性对照组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).此外,随着Cu、Pb染毒剂量的增加,各试验组DNA的平均迁移长度逐渐增加,在试验浓度梯度范围内(Cu 0.01mg/L+Pb 0.05mg/L、Cu 0.10mg/L+Pb 0.50mg/L、Cu 0.25mg/L+Pb 0.75mg/L),存在较为显著的剂量-效应关系(P＜0.05),但未见明显的时间-效应关系(P＞0.05).Cu、Pb可引起泥鳅卵细胞凋亡和DNA损伤,卵细胞的不同损伤水平可望作为较为理想的水环境基因毒性指标.     

长江河口盐水入侵对大通枯季径流量变化的响应时间

应用河口海岸三维数值模式, 计算区域包括大通至长江河口及其邻近海域, 设计高分辨率网格, 数值模拟和分析不同潮型下长江河口盐水入侵对大通径流量变化的响应时间。计算结果表明, 不同潮型期间大通径流量的增加, 河口盐度响应的时间在4.0～6.2 d之间, 但小潮期的响应时间明显长于其他潮型期的响应时间。本文给出了长江河口盐水入侵对大通枯季径流量变化的响应时间, 可为河口水文、泥沙和环境等研究中取何时径流量提供了依据。     

虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)选育群体的血清类固醇激素周年变化

采用放射性免疫(RIA)和组织学切片技术,系统地研究了虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)选育群体的血清性类固醇激素周年变化与性腺发育特点的关系,以及血清中性类固醇激素雌二醇(E2)和睾酮(T)在雌雄亲本中的周年变化规律和生理作用。结果表明,虹鳟性腺发育可划分为6期。雌鱼血清中E2在10月(V期性腺)达到峰值,T浓度在11月达到峰值,而进入繁殖期后(11—12月)E2开始下降。雄鱼血清T浓度在11月达到最大值,E2在6月份达到峰值,在11月之后T开始下降。在各月份,雌鱼E2浓度水平远高于雄鱼,而雄鱼T浓度个别月份低于雌鱼。这些研究揭示出,测定血清性类固醇激素浓度水平可用于准确判断鱼类的生殖状态,且可为虹鳟家系选育出早熟亲本群体提供重要技术依据。     

Towards an operational use of space imagery for oil pollution monitoring in the Mediterranean basin: a demonstration in the Adriatic Sea

Studies of operational pollution carried out by European commission - Joint Research Centre in the Mediterranean Sea for the years 1999-2004 are briefly introduced. The specific analysis of the Adriatic Sea for the same period demonstrates that this area has been characterized by a relevant number of illegal discharges from ships. After setting the historical background of the project AESOP (aerial and satellite surveillance of operational pollution in the Adriatic Sea), the content, partners and aim of the project are presented. Finally, the results of the first phase of the AESOP project are presented. The results seem very encouraging. For the first time in the Adriatic, real time detection of oil spills in satellite images and an immediate verification by the Coast Guard has been undertaken. An exploratory activity has also been carried out in collaboration with the University of Ljubljana to use automatic information system (AIS) to identify the ships detected in the satellite images.     

Chemical contamination of a coral reef by the grounding of a cruise ship in Bermuda

Bulk metal analyses of surficial sediments collected around the Norwegian Crown cruise ship grounding site in Bermuda indicated significant but localized contamination of reef sediments by copper and zinc, caused by the stripping of the tri-butyltin (TBT)-free antifouling (AF) paint (Intersmooth 460) from the underside of the hull. Highest copper and zinc values were found in heavily compacted and red-pigmented sediments inside the impact scar and were comparable to levels found close to slip ways of local boat yards where AF paints from hull stripping and cleaning processes are washed into the sea. The re-distribution of AF contaminated sediments by storms and deposition on nearby reefs constitutes a significant ecological risk that could delay recovery processes and reduce the effectiveness of remediation efforts. Whilst the ecotoxicological effects of AF paint particles interspersed with sediment is unknown, and in need of further study, it is argued that the significance of AF paint contamination of grounding sites has been overlooked.     

High outflow channels on Mars indicate Hesperian recharge at low latitudes and the presence of Canyon Lakes

A number of martian outflow channels were carved by discharges from large dilational fault zones. These channels were sourced by groundwater, not surface water, and when observed on high-standing plateaus they provide indicators of elevated paleo-groundwater levels. We identify three outflow channels of Hesperian age that issued from a 750-km-long fault zone extending from Candor Chasma to Ganges Chasma. Two of these channels, Allegheny Vallis and Walla Walla Vallis, have sources >2500 m above the topographic datum, too high to be explained by discharge from a global aquifer that was recharged solely in the south polar region. The indicated groundwater levels likely required regional sources of recharge at low latitudes. The floodwaters that erupted from Ophir Cavus to form Allegheny Vallis encountered two ridges that restricted the flow, forming temporary lakes. The flow probably breached or overtopped these obstructions quickly, catastrophically draining the lakes and carving several scablands. After the last obstacle had been breached, a single main channel formed that captured all subsequent flow. We performed hydrologic analyses of this intermediate phase of the flooding, prior to incision of the channel to its present depth. Using floodwater depths of 30-60 m, we calculated flow velocities of 6-15 m s⁻¹ and discharges in the range of . Locally higher flow velocities and discharges likely occurred when the transient lakes were drained. Variable erosion at the channel and scabland crossing of MOLA pass 10644 suggests that the upper 25-30 m may consist of poorly consolidated surface materials underlain by more cohesive bedrock. We infer that an ice-covered lake with a surface elevation >2500 m probably existed in eastern Candor Chasma because this canyon is intersected by the Ophir Catenae fault system from which Allegheny Vallis and Walla Walla Vallis originated. We introduce a new hydrology concept for Mars in which the groundwater system was augmented by recharge from canyon lakes that were formed when water was released by catastrophic melting of former ice sheets in Tharsis by effusions of flood basalts. This model could help to reconcile the expected presence of a thick cryosphere during the Hesperian with the abundant evidence for groundwater as a source for some of the circum-Chryse outflow channels.