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排序方式: 共有314条查询结果,搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
M. Draoui J. Vias B. Andreo K. Targuisti J. Stitou El Messari 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(3):455-463
This paper presents the results of a comparative study relating to the application of four vulnerability mapping methods,
GOD, AVI, DRASTIC and SINTACS, in a pilot detritic aquifer situated in NW Morocco, known as the Martil–Alila aquifer. The
principal objective of this work is to determine the most suitable such methods for this aquifer type within a Mediterranean
context, and to show the effect of the rainfall variations that are characteristic of the Mediterranean climate on the degree
of vulnerability. The methods applied distinguish five classes of vulnerability, these being irregularly divided up in space,
with the division varying according to the method in question. The vulnerability maps obtained by the different methods strongly
suggest that the eastern half of the aquifer is more vulnerable to contamination than the western half, for all hydrological
situations. The effect of climatic conditions on the degree of vulnerability is well represented by the DRASTIC, according
to which the aquifer is moderately to strongly vulnerable during humid hydrological years and weakly to moderately vulnerable
during dry ones. For the other methods, this climatic effect is limited to the area occupied by the two predominant classes
(“High” and “Low” for GOD and “High” and “Moderate” for SINTACS) while it is null for AVI. In conclusion, DRASTIC appears
the most suitable for mapping the vulnerability to contamination of Mediterranean coastal detritic aquifers such as the Martil–Alila
aquifer. 相似文献
2.
David King 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(3):497-508
The concept of a natural hazard is a human construct. It is the interaction with human communities and settlements that defines
a natural phenomenon as a natural hazard. Thus the end point of hazard mitigation and hazard vulnerability assessment must
involve an attempt to reduce, or mitigate, the impact of the natural hazard on human communities. The responsibility to mitigate
hazard impact falls primarily upon governments and closely connected non-government and private institutional agencies. In
particular, it is most often local government that takes the responsibility for safeguarding its own communities, infrastructure
and people. Hazard vulnerability of specific local communities is best assessed by the local government or council, which
then faces the responsibility to translate that assessment into community education and infrastructural safeguards for hazard
mitigation. This paper illustrates the process of local government engagement in hazard mitigation in Australia, through the
Natural Disaster Risk Management Studies, as a first step towards natural disaster reduction. 相似文献
3.
Poverty, vulnerability and the impact of flooding
in the Limpopo Province, South Africa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The article evaluates household vulnerability after the 2000 flood in two poor communities of the Limpopo Province, South
Africa. The study analyses the forms of vulnerability which disasters such as floods present. Using data gathered from a survey
of households, the study presents the impacts, coping and adapting strategies of households after the 2000 flood. The article
argues that beyond the concern over socio-economic circumstances as the major determinant of household vulnerability, the
management of the disaster can serve to perpetuate vulnerability. 相似文献
4.
The hydraulic behaviour of the karst aquifer in the Hubelj spring catchment area (SW Slovenia) was studied by using an indirect
research method based on natural tracers. The variations of natural tracers (in precipitation and in groundwater) during the
storm event made possible the separation of the Hubelj spring storm hydrograph by the three-component separation technique.
The results produced information on the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on the mechanisms that
affected them. They verified the so-called epikarst hypothesis presuming that an important part of a karst aquifer recharge
reaches rapidly and intensively from the epikarst zone. It was demonstrated that epikarst water could occupy up to 50% of
the spring discharge during precipitation events. This phenomenon could have important consequences on protection and management
of the problems of karst aquifers, including engineering problems in karst areas. With this respect the results could give
way to new engineering ideas. 相似文献
5.
A multidisciplinary multi-scale framework for assessing vulnerabilities to global change 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Marc J. Metzger Rik Leemans Dagmar Schrter 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2005,7(4):253-267
Terrestrial ecosystems provide a number of vital services for people and society, such as food, fibre, water resources, carbon sequestration, and recreation. The future capability of ecosystems to provide these services is determined by changes in socio-economic factors, land use, atmospheric composition, and climate. Most impact assessments do not quantify the vulnerability of ecosystems and ecosystem services under such environmental change. They cannot answer important policy-relevant questions such as 'Which are the main regions or sectors that are most vulnerable to global change?’ 'How do the vulnerabilities of two regions compare?’ 'Which scenario is the least harmful for a sector?’This paper describes a new approach to vulnerability assessment developed by the Advanced Terrestrial Ecosystem Analysis and Modelling (ATEAM) project. Different ecosystem models, covering biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, hydrology, and carbon sequestration are fed with the same Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES). Each model gives insights into specific ecosystems, as in traditional impact assessments. Moreover, by integrating the results in a vulnerability assessment, the policy-relevant questions listed above can also be addressed. A statistically derived European environmental stratification forms a key element in the vulnerability assessment. By linking it to other quantitative environmental stratifications, comparisons can be made using data from different assessments and spatial scales. 相似文献
6.
Landslide risk assessment and management: an overview 总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29
Landslides can result in enormous casualties and huge economic losses in mountainous regions. In order to mitigate landslide hazard effectively, new methodologies are required to develop a better understanding of landslide hazard and to make rational decisions on the allocation of funds for management of landslide risk. Recent advances in risk analysis and risk assessment are beginning to provide systematic and rigorous processes to enhance slope management. In recent years, risk analysis and assessment has become an important tool in addressing uncertainty inherent in landslide hazards.This article reviews recent advances in landslide risk assessment and management, and discusses the applicability of a variety of approaches to assessing landslide risk. Firstly, a framework for landslide risk assessment and management by which landslide risk can be reduced is proposed. This is followed by a critical review of the current state of research on assessing the probability of landsliding, runout behavior, and vulnerability. Effective management strategies for reducing economic and social losses due to landslides are described. Problems in landslide risk assessment and management are also examined. 相似文献
7.
8.
J. J. Bommer M. B. Benito M. Ciudad-Real A. Lemoine M. A. Lpez-Menjívar R. Madariaga J. Mankelow P. Mndez de Hasbun W. Murphy M. Nieto-Lovo C. E. Rodríguez-Pineda H. Rosa 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(5)
The small Central American republic of El Salvador has experienced, on average, one destructive earthquake per decade during the last hundred years. The latest events occurred on 13 January and 13 February 2001, with magnitudes Mw 7.7 and 6.6, respectively. The two events, which were of different tectonic origin, follow the patterns of the seismicity of the region although neither event has a known precedent in the earthquake catalogue in terms of size and location. The earthquakes caused damage to thousands of traditionally built houses and triggered hundreds of landslides, which were the main causes of fatalities. The earthquakes have clearly demonstrated trends of increasing seismic risk in El Salvador due to rapid population expansion in areas of high shaking and landslide hazard, exacerbated by deforestation and uncontrolled urbanisation. The institutional mechanisms required for the control of land use and building practice are very weak and present a major obstacle to risk mitigation. 相似文献
9.
玛纳斯县城房屋建筑地震损失预测及抗震设防效益分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以玛纳斯县城现有房屋建筑调查资料为基础,对该县城的房屋建筑进行了分类。作了抗震分析,建立了相应的易损性矩阵。根据地震危险性分析结果及县城房屋建筑的发展情况,给出了未来10年房屋建筑的震害预测结果,并对房屋建筑抗震设防和加固的经济效益进行了初步分析。 相似文献
10.
21世纪地震灾害的一些新特点 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
灾害定量化是地球科学、工程科学和社会经济科学的交叉领域。人口城市化是全球的发展趋势,特别在第三世界人口城市化的趋势越来越显著。和农村发生突发灾害农民可以很容易地进行自救和互救不同,城市居民对供水、供电、煤气、暖气、通讯和交通等基础设施有很大的依赖性,现代城市在抗御自然灾害方面,比过去任何时候都显得更加脆弱。通过统计,我们发现在灾害损失 L和表征社会财富的GDP之间存在着经验关系:L= a+ b×GDP+ c×GDP 2其中 a,b,c为正的常数。关系式表明,自然灾害造成的灾害增长要比GDP的增长要快。 相似文献