2005年全球重大天气气候事件概述

2005年，全球气候持续偏暖，是有记录以来第二暖年，仅次于最暖年1998年。年内，南亚地区遭受高温热浪袭击，欧洲中部和西部经历了极为严重的高温干旱，巴西北部亚马逊热带雨林遭遇了近60年来最严重的干旱。全球各地出现了不同程度的洪涝，此外，暴雨雪袭击了西亚、南亚北部、中亚、日本和中国的部分地区、美国和欧洲部分地区。2005年全球飓风（台风）灾害十分惨重。大西洋飓风为历史上最活跃的一年，其中飓风“卡特里娜”成为有记录以来影响美国最严重的飓风。西北太平洋台风活动虽较常年偏弱，但登陆中国的热带风暴和台风则数量多、强度强和灾害重。     

网络电子地图的设计与应用

目前GIS带动的产业急剧膨胀,已经深入到市政工程、企业决策、交通运输、公安急救、旅游、科研、教育等各个方面。非GIS专业用户对地图的需求是在基础底图的基础上加载本专业部门的定位与属性信息,这就要求GIS系统支持简单易用的电子地图系统,以便于为实现非GIS用户对GIS应用的需求。本文根据网络地图的特点和设计地图的影响因素,介绍了网络地图设计的理论,并以河南省人民政府网站电子地图为例,展示笔者对网络地图设计的认识。     

基于粗阈值和梯度算法的南极多光谱影像云区的提取

利用Landsat-7的ETM+多光谱影像,提出使用粗阈值以及梯度算法提取极地上空的云。试验结果表明,粗阈值增加了阈值算法的灵活性,并结合梯度算法,由粗到精,达到了较好的极地目标识别效果。     

广角反射方式下观测系统设计与优化

近年来，广角反射作为地震勘探获得野外高质量地震数据的一种重要方法，愈来愈受到人们的关注，作者在本文中，通过对影响广角反射能量几个主要因素的研究与分析，提出了在广角反射方式下设计与优化观测系统的思路，以及怎样获得高质量地震资料的方法，通过正演模拟分析，得到了一些重要的结论，对野外地震数据的采集具有一定指导作用。     

A web-based system for public–private sector collaborative ecosystem management

 To preserve biodiversity over centuries, ecosystem management will need to be accepted and practiced by individuals from a broad spectrum of society's strata. Also, management decisions will need to be based on reliable judgments of the cause and effect relationships that govern an ecosystem's dynamics. This article describes an extant, web-based ecosystem management system (EMS) that allows (a) wide participation in ecosystem assessment and policy impact predictions, (b) convenient construction of probabilistic models of ecosystem processes through an influence diagram, and (c) automatic creation of ecosystem assessment reports. For illustration, the system is used to first model the cheetah population in Kenya, and then to assess the impact on this population of different management options. The influence diagram used herein extends standard influence diagram theory to allow representation of variables governed by stochastic differential equations, birth–death processes, and other nongaussian, continuous probability distributions. For many ecosystems, data sets on ecosystem health indicators can be incomplete, small, and contain unknown measurement errors. Some amount of knowledge of an ecosystem's dynamics however, may exist in the form of expert opinion derived from ecological theory. The proposed EMS uses a nonbayesian parameter estimation method, called consistency analysis that finds parameter estimates such that the fitted ecosystem model is as faithful as possible to both the available data and the collected body of expert opinion. For illustration, consistency analysis is used to estimate the cheetah viability influence diagram using all known cheetah surveys in the country of Kenya plus current understanding of factors such as habitat and prey availability that affect cheetah population dynamics.     

Earth support systems: Threatened? why? what can we do?

The most important concept to emerge in the 20th century was the recognition that sustainability is threatened. A sustainable society is one that functions and lives in such harmony with earth systems that future generations will be able to function with equal or greater ease and the quality of life will in no way be diminished. Evidence of threats to sustainability is found in: global energy use; global climate change; availability of sufficient safe water; degradation of soil on agricultural lands; food production for a global population of 9,000 million by 2050; accelerated extinction rates and loss of biodiversity; human under- and over-nourishment; and the spread of diseases. Ignorance borne of alienation from nature deprives us of sensitivity to the threats human activities cause. Alienation may be traced to the agricultural revolution, but has become widespread and even inescapable for many with massive control of energy and the industrial revolution, dependence on machines, and urbanization. With the control of enough energy to dominate nature and the achievement of a high, but transient, level of wealth, a world view extolling growth—led by the highly industrialized nations, but now being emulated in the developing countries—has committed the world to an unsustainable path. Because of this, world societies must work to find practical “sustainability” world views to help guide our future choices. Wise choices will depend upon good scientific understanding and must be based upon a deep respect for the non-human world and a concern for the future. The environmental meaning of different world views, whether founded in the world religions or in nonreligious philosophy, share a common concern to promote an equitable, harmonious, and sustainable relationship between humanity and nature. The similarities in pragmatic meaning in relation to nature of, e.g., Christian stewardship and Deep Ecology, illustrate this. Our attention must not be directed towards alternative symbolic or linguistic vocabularies, but toward the practical environmental commitments that different world views entail. Our problems have global reach and many of them are urgent, but they are not intrinsically unsolvable. We must seek ways to find and use common ground in the search for sustainability. We must work together, but remember that each of us contributes to the final outcome.     

Changing Geographies and the Geography of Change: Some Reflections

To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography and the 75th anniversary of the teaching of geography in the Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, the home of the Journal, this article, based on personal reflections and "objective" academic materials, provides an overview of developments in geography in the Department and Journal. The paper argues that the department's and Journal's"identities", since the post-World War II period, have been shaped by Singapore's changing domestic politics, the changing university academic environment, the personalities and academic interests of heads of the department and the Journa's editors, the state of the changing regional and global political economic environment, and the individual research interests of faculty in the department, and reflects a complex mix of colonial/post-colonial, modern/post-modern, North-South and East-West discourses. While a defined Singapore school of geography has yet to emerge, the article shows that both the department and the Journal have made major strides in meeting the challenges of globalisation and, in the process, have gained international visibility and academic legitimacy. In particular, the Journal has consolidated its position as a major voice for academics in lesser developed countries, its platform for "tropical world" discourse and maintaining its edge in the colonial/post-colonial and modern/post-modern discourses of states within the tropics.     

TCA全站仪实现测量数据的全自动化处理

将GeoBasic编译的机载应用程序上载到TCA2 0 0 3测量机器人中 ,可在一定程度上实现野外观测的自动化 ,尤其是高精度的导线 (网 )和三角网测量中具有重要的应用意义。将仪器中的数据利用LeicaSur veyOffice软件下载到计算机中 ,并以文本格式保存。自主编译的数据转换程序可将原始数据转换为平差所需要的文本数据格式 ,录入到平差软件中便可自动平差计算 ,实现了数据采集、处理的自动化。     

俄罗斯外贸地理结构的成因——对推动中俄贸易的启示

俄罗斯的经济地理结构，外贸商品结构，外贸不平衡因素和能源工业对俄罗斯外贸地理结构产生重大影响，从而不利于拓展中俄贸易，但在中俄贸易中，中国尚未发掘应有的潜力。与俄罗斯不同，中国是世界贸易大国，也是世界主流贸易机制的重要参与国，中国应在拓展中俄贸易中作出主要贡献。