地图集:重构复杂非线性地理世界的“百科全书”

地图学是一门经过数千年的演进发展形成的科学,地图(地图集)是地图科学研究的主阵地,是任何时代和社会都不可或缺的,对人们的工作、学习和生活具有重要作用和意义。首先,简要论述了地图学作为一门科学的社会实践和科学实践的演进发展规律,以及地图集的特点;然后,从哲学角度分析与论述了地图是怎样重构复杂非线性地理世界的(实现由"地理世界"到"地图世界"的转变),人们是怎样利用地图进一步认识复杂非线性地理世界的(实现由"地图世界"到"地理世界"的转变),提出了基于传感器网络的由"感知的地理世界"到"重构的地理世界"再到"认知的地理世界"、指导行动并反馈信息的"双向"转变的认知模式;最后,论述了地图集作为重构复杂非线性地理世界的"百科全书"的作用,举例说明了中国改革开放以来地图集的快速发展和水平的大幅提升,并阐明人工智能时代中国地图集成果将比以往任何时候都更加兴旺发达,地图集作为人们进一步认知复杂非线性地理世界的"百科全书"的功能作用将比以往任何时候都更加强大。     

The costs of climate policies in a second-best world with labour market imperfections

This article explores the critical role of labour market imperfections in climate stabilization cost formation, using a dynamic recursive energy—economy model that represents a second-best world with market imperfections and short-run adjustment constraints along a long-term growth path. The degree of rigidity of the labour markets is a central parameter, and a systematic sensitivity analysis of the model results confirms this. When labour markets are represented as highly flexible, the model results are in the usual range of the existing literature; that is, less than 2% GDP losses in 2030 for a stabilization target at 550 ppm CO₂ equivalent. However, when labour market rigidities are accounted for, mitigation costs increase dramatically. Accompanying measures are identified, namely labour subsidies, which guarantee against the risk of large stabilization costs in the case of high rigidities of the labour markets. This complements the usual view that mitigation is a long-term matter that depends on technology, innovation, investment and behavioural change. The results support the view that mitigation is also a shorter-term issue and a matter of transition with regard to the labour market.     

广域电磁仪中的双T陷波器的优化设计

分析了双T陷波器电路,推导出了传递函数、中心频率、带宽和Q值的表达式,通过计算、分析及仿真,针对广域电磁仪信号的特性及对工频电信号干扰的压制要求,对电阻和电容的取值进行了优化选择。实验表明优化设计的双T陷波器在带宽仅为3.62时,最低压制深度达-31.9 dB,不仅保留了有效信号,而且能最大限度地滤除工频及其谐波干扰噪声。     

Microzooplankton feeding impact in a coastal upwelling system on the NW Iberian margin: The Ría de Vigo

The dilution technique, combined with identification and enumeration of pico-, nano- and micro-plankton by microscopy, was used to estimate microzooplankton impact on the microbial community in surface waters of a coastal embayment on the NW Iberian upwelling system. Microzooplankton were important consumers of autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton in this system, feeding up to 93% of standing stock and more than 100% of production of several groups. Heterotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic picoflagellates experienced the highest and constant impact, with 75–84% of their standing stocks and 85–102% of their production being channelled through the microbial food web. Pico- and nano-phytoplankton were also consumed, although maximum grazing occurred on diatoms during upwelling events, coinciding with highest primary production. Predation on pico-nano-heterotrophs was especially relevant under downwelling conditions, when consumption of total carbon and particularly autotrophic carbon was considerably lower than during upwelling. The results suggest that the existence of a multivorous food web, extending from the microbial loop to the herbivorous food web, could be a major feature in this coastal upwelling system. The microbial loop, which occurs as a permanent background in the system, would contribute to sustain the microbial food web during downwelling, whereas the herbivorous food web could coexist with a microbial food web based on large diatoms during upwelling. The multivorous food web would partially divert diatoms from sinking and hence favour the retention of organic matter in the water column. This could enhance the energy transfer to higher pelagic trophic levels in coastal upwelling systems.     

Carbon flows in the benthic food web at the deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN (Fram Strait)

The HAUSGARTEN observatory is located in the eastern Fram Strait (Arctic Ocean) and used as long-term monitoring site to follow changes in the Arctic benthic ecosystem. Linear inverse modelling was applied to decipher carbon flows among the compartments of the benthic food web at the central HAUSGARTEN station (2500 m) based on an empirical data set consisting of data on biomass, prokaryote production, total carbon deposition and community respiration. The model resolved 99 carbon flows among 4 abiotic and 10 biotic compartments, ranging from prokaryotes up to megafauna. Total carbon input was 3.78±0.31 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹, which is a comparatively small fraction of total primary production in the area. The community respiration of 3.26±0.20 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ is dominated by prokaryotes (93%) and has lower contributions from surface-deposit feeding macro- (1.7%) and suspension feeding megafauna (1.9%), whereas contributions from nematode and other macro- and megabenthic compartments were limited to <1%. The high prokaryotic contribution to carbon processing suggests that functioning of the benthic food web at the central HAUSGARTEN station is comparable to abyssal plain sediments that are characterised by strong energy limitation. Faunal diet compositions suggest that labile detritus is important for deposit-feeding nematodes (24% of their diet) and surface-deposit feeding macrofauna (∼44%), but that semi-labile detritus is more important in the diets of deposit-feeding macro- and megafauna. Dependency indices on these food sources were also calculated as these integrate direct (i.e. direct grazing and predator–prey interactions) and indirect (i.e. longer loops in the food web) pathways in the food web. Projected sea-ice retreats for the Arctic Ocean typically anticipate a decrease in the labile detritus flux to the already food-limited benthic food web. The dependency indices indicate that faunal compartments depend similarly on labile and semi-labile detritus, which suggests that the benthic biota may be more sensitive to changes in labile detritus inputs than when assessed from diet composition alone. Species-specific responses to different types of labile detritus inputs, e.g. pelagic algae versus sympagic algae, however, are presently unknown and are needed to assess the vulnerability of individual components of the benthic food web.     

海洋广角地震数据校正方法探讨

海洋广角地震数据的采集具有高投入、高风险及高难度等特点,这使得从海洋上采集到的地震数据显得异常宝贵,但往往由于各种客观条件(如气候条件、定时定位条件、仪器条件及人为因素等)的限制,导致采集到的地震数据存在一些缺陷.以南海地区开展的海陆地震联测及海底地震仪(OBS)探测的试验数据为例,对导航数据时间误差、部分陆地固定台站...     

基于支持向量机与余弦夹角法的中文网页过滤的研究与设计

为了进一步准确过滤对青少年危害较大的色情网页,在汉语词法分析系统添加去禁用词功能实现中文分词,通过改进的词频-逆文档频率及文档频率-互信息方法完成特征提取,从而实现基于支持向量机的过滤方案。并在给出的余弦夹角公式的基础上,提出了一种基于余弦夹角法的中文网页过滤方案。结合两种方案,实验证明在统一资源符总库存在条件下方案对色情等网页过滤效果进一步提高。     

网络地图服务中空间查询与分析的栅格化实现

地理信息获得了越来越广泛与深入的应用.空间查询与空间分析是GIS(Geography Information System,地理信息系统)的核心特征之一,也是空间信息服务(如Web Feature Service)实现中的关键问题.如何在网络地图服务场景下提供高效能的空间查询与空间分析功能是网络地图服务器设计与实现中的...     

国际大都市产业功能区空间利用特征

产业功能区是国际大都市生产功能的核心载体。本文基于城市内部产业布局文献,以金融商务区、高新技术园区和现代制造业园区三类产业功能区为研究对象,重点从土地利用和功能配置两个空间视角,梳理了国际主要大都市产业空间利用的特征,提纳出对我国产业功能区发展的启示,从用地综合化和功能配置多样化等提出了我国大都市培育产业功能区的对策建议。