降海鲑渗透生理及入海窗口期的研究进展

在过去30年中,降海鲑的发育得到了大量关注,研究降海鲑的发育,特别是如何调控降海鲑发育的时间和品质,以便幼鲑移入海水网箱。洄游型鲑科鱼类幼鲑向降海鲑的转变包含了一系列的行为、形态、生理的改变,这都为降海洄游进入河口做准备。降海鲑发育受几种激素的促进,包括生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子-I、皮质醇、甲状腺素,而催乳素通常会抑制发育。鳃氯细胞中特殊的离子转运蛋白(NKA、Na+/K+/Cl-协同转运蛋白和Cl-通道)丰度的增加引起盐分泌能力的提高,从而有利于降海鲑在海水中生长、游泳和存活。具银化期的鲑科鱼类(如大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)、硬头鳟(Oncorhyunchus mykiss)、银大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus kisutch)至少在淡水中生活一年,达到临界最小规格之后才可改变其对光周期的响应。如果在银化前未达到这个最小规格,则需等到下一年(或更长)。鲑科鱼类如何在一年中合适的时间确定其规格或生长率,并增加对光周期的响应性,这一重要的领域还未得到大量的关注。因此,了解降海鲑渗透生理及入海窗口期,查明不同鱼类适宜生长盐度,入海时间和方式非常重要,可为鲑科鱼类(如虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)、硬头鳟等)在黄海冷水团规模化养殖提供理论支持。     

Using ichnological relationships to interpret heterolithic fabrics in fluvio-tidal settings

In fluvio-tidal settings, the sediment is dominantly derived from the river systems. However, the importance of landward tidal transport of sediment in tidally influenced sedimentary environments is difficult to assess, particularly in the rock record. This problem is addressed using two intervals within the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, each representing a distinct inclined heterolithic stratification motif. The ichnological variation between the heterolithic intervals is analyzed to determine which lithosomes are associated with brackish-water (tidally influenced) colonization windows. From this, the relative fluvial influence responsible for the deposition of the fine and coarse members can be determined. Both of the inclined heterolithic stratification fabrics studied record the deposition of fluvio-tidal point bars wherein the heterolithic bedding represents variations in river discharge. The first fabric comprises inclined heterolithic stratification in which bioturbation only occurs in mudstone beds. This fabric indicates that deposition occurred in more proximal positions within a fluvio-tidal system (i.e. the outermost inner to middle estuary or distributary channels). In this example sand deposition is interpreted to represent high-energy, freshwater dune migration within a fluvial-dominated setting, whereas mud beds reflect brackish-water suspension deposition during times of low river discharge. The second fabric, which is interpreted to have developed in more distal depositional positions (i.e. the middle estuary or seaward of the turbidity maximum in deltas), consists of inclined heterolithic stratification with laminated mudstone and bioturbated sandstone. In these inclined heterolithic stratification successions the mudstone beds were deposited under the influence of freshwater and heightened sedimentation rates, whereas bioturbated sandstone was colonized under brackish-water conditions and in the presence of tidally facilitated sediment transport. In both examples, the bioturbated lithosomes are related to colonization windows that indicate the predominance at that time of marine or tidally influenced processes over fluvial processes.     

Hydraulic套管开窗工具在南海西部油田的首次应用

南海西部油田的涠洲11-1N-A12井是一口探边注水井,该井采用威德福公司最新型的液压磨铣套管开窗工具在9-5/8＂套管内进行开窗侧钻,仅用一趟钻就实现了定向、座挂、开窗、修窗和钻进新地层14.12 m,大大节约了钻井时间。介绍了威德福公司的Hydraulic套管开窗系统的组成部件及工具的优点,分析了如何在开窗作业过程中进行钻井参数控制,总结了关于工具的送入、脱手、定向和窗口质量控制等方面的一些经验,可以为以后类似井的套管开窗作业提供技术参考。     

高分辨率遥感影像城市房屋信息自动提取模型与实验研究

分析高分辨率遥感影像Quick Bird上房屋信息特征空间,构建Quick Bird影像房屋空间语义模型,并以大庆市东城区为实验区域,利用窗口阈值法对影像进行区域分割后,通过空间语义模型实现Quick Bird影像房屋信息的自动提取,并将提取结果与实地采样数据进行精度对比。结果显示,其形状一致性和面积一致性分别达到89.5%和88%,其中,矩形房屋提取效果最佳,人字形、多边形房屋的提取效果较理想,但圆形房屋提取效果不理想。     

在热液内金属铅的物种形式原位观测实验

文章应用高温高压腔连接紫外_可见谱仪研究了150℃条件下铅在含氯溶液里的物种形式。实验的体系是Pbs_NaCl_HCl_H2O。实验结果表明,铅在含氯溶液里的物种形成有2个步骤:Pb2 Cl-→PbCl ,PbCl Cl-→PbCl2,处于平衡态时为PbCl2。溶液的氯浓度、温度、反应延续时间影响物种形式。     

Deep-seated gas generation and preservation condition in China

Deep-seated gas is defined in this paper as natural gas generated under the combined action of high temperature, high pressure, and environment media. As to organic matter vertical evolution, deep-seated gas is natural gas, which is generated and deposited under the position of an oil generation window. Deep-seated gas exploration is an important potential field for oil-gas exploration. Also, it is an inexorable trend to the further development of oil and gas provinces. In this paper, the authors will examine and distinguish the concept of deep-seated gas, and discuss the distribution and gas source of deep-seated gas. It is pointed out that kerogen, assemble dissoluble organic matter and disperse dissoluble organic matter all have contributed to deep-seated gas generation, especially disperse dissoluble organic matter in composite and superimposed sedimentary basin. In the end, according to the structural evolution and hydrocarbon source rock depositional distribution, the distribution of deep-seated gas in China is predicted. Translated from Geology in China, 2006, 33(5): 937–943 [译自: 中国地质]     

Ontological Engineering for Interpreting Geospatial Queries

Despite advancements in geographic information system (GIS) technology, the efficient and effective utilization of GIS to solve geospatial problems is a daunting process requiring specialized knowledge and skills. Two of the most important and burdensome tasks in this process are interpretation of geospatial queries and mapping the interpreted results into geospatial data models and geoprocessing operations. With the current state of GIS, there exists a gap between the knowledge user's possess and the knowledge and skills they need to utilize GIS for solving problems. Currently, users resort to training and practice on GIS technology or involving GIS experts. Neither of these options is optimal and there is a need for a new approach that automates geoprocessing tasks using GIS technology. This paper presents an ontological engineering methodology that uses multiple ontologies and the mappings among them to automate certain tasks related to interpretation of geospatial queries and mapping the interpreted results into geospatial data models and geoprocessing operations. The presented methodology includes conceptualization of geospatial queries, knowledge representation for queries, techniques for relating elements in different ontologies, and an algorithm that uses ontologies to map queries to geoprocessing operations.     

河北邢台余震窗地震活动对华北地区6级以上地震的预测反应

文中简要介绍了1966年河北邢台地震发震的构造背景。在选取合理的地震参数确立余震窗后,分析了余震窗地震月频次的变化特征对研究华北地区6级以上地震的反应。发现,余震活动出现月频次过程异常对应华北地区6级地震成组活动或震群活动;单点高值频次异常则对应单发6级地震。     

Application of the Common Offset Seismic Reflection Method to Urban Active Fault Surveys

The method and principle of common offset seismic surveys as well as the field data gathering and processing technique were introduced briefly. Through two urban active fault survey examples in Fuzhou and Shenyang, the efficiency and limitation of using the common offset seismic reflection technique to carry out urban active fault surveys were probed. The results show that this technique has the properties of high resolving power, better reconstruction of subsurface structures, and real-time analyzing and interpretation of investigation results on site. This method can be used to quickly locate objects under investigation accurately in the areas with thinner Quaternary overburdens and strong bedrock interface fluctuations.     

Pulsar activity and the morphology of supernova remnants

We use the recently introduced concept of a ‘window’ of magnetic field strengths in which pulsars can be active to explain the variation in morphology of supernova remnants. The striking difference between shell-type and filled-type remnants is attributed to differences in he magnetic field strengths of the neutron stars left by the respective Supernovae. Field strengths of a value permitting pulsar activity result in particle production and Crab-like centrally concentrated remnants. Other field values lead to strong magnetic dipole radiation and consequent shell formation (e.g. Cas A). Several apparent inconsistencies concerning pulsar-supernova associations appear to find a logical explanation on the basis of this hypothesis.