哀牢山西部晚古生代岛弧-弧后盆地系统——来自基性岩地球化学和年代学的证据

哀牢山缝合带是东南亚古特提斯构造域重要的缝合带之一,带内广泛出露的晚古生代基性岩是研究其构造演化历史的关键,但它们的岩石成因和形成环境存在较大的争议,制约了人们对该地区古特提斯构造演化的理解。本文对哀牢山缝合带西部的基性侵入岩和基性火山岩进行了详细的野外地质调查、岩石学和地球化学研究,并结合已有的年代学和地球化学数据结果综合分析,目的在于查明它们的成因和形成环境,为进一步探讨哀牢山缝合带构造演化提供制约。锆石U-Pb年龄数据显示五素和坝溜地区的基性火山岩形成于早二叠世(288～287 Ma),而大龙凯和雅轩桥地区的基性侵入岩和火山岩则形成于中二叠世(272～265 Ma)。地球化学数据显示,早期基性岩(早二叠世)稀土元素含量较高(∑REE=59.75×10~(-6)～135.08×10~(-6)),明显富集轻稀土元素(LREE/HREE=2.64～3.32)和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th等)显著亏损Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素类似于岛弧岩浆岩,高的Ta/Yb(0.09～0.18)和Ce/Yb(6.59～9.03)值表明其属于钙碱性系列;晚期基性岩(中二叠世)具有较低的稀土元素总量(∑REE=28.77×10~(-6)～76.16×10~(-6)),轻微富集轻稀土元素(LREE/HREE=1.75～2.55)相对早期基性岩更加富集Rb、Ba,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等元素,较低的Ta/Yb(0.05～0.09)和Ce/Yb(3.58～5.97)值表明其属于拉斑质系列。上述研究表明,哀牢山缝合带西部的晚古生代基性岩具有由钙碱性系列向拉斑质系列演化的趋势,结合相关区域地质资料,认为哀牢山缝合带西部出露的基性侵入岩和火山岩记录了晚古生代与板片俯冲相关的多期演化过程:早二叠世,哀牢山支洋或弧后盆地向西发生洋-陆俯冲,俯冲板片脱水并导致地幔楔岩石部分熔融,在哀牢山西部五素-雅轩桥地区形成安第斯型陆缘弧;中二叠世,先存的大陆弧发生弧内伸展,逐渐演变为新的弧后盆地,形成类似于MORB和IAT的基性-超基性岩石组合。     

现行磷矿地质勘查规范存在问题研究探讨

对现行磷矿地质勘查规范中存在的一些问题进行了研究探讨。主要讨论了勘查类型划分、工程间距的确定、资源量估算、共伴生矿产工业指标等问题。勘查类型的划分应允许有过渡类型;对差异很大的多矿体矿床应针对不同矿体分别确定勘查类型;勘查类型的确定应实行量化指标;勘查工程间距应按不同成因的矿床确定差异标准。各勘查阶段对各类资源量应确定合理的量化比例,并与现行矿业管理政策相统一;对鄂西地区有自然分层的硅酸盐型磷矿床类型中的富矿层资源量估算应调整为按自然分层圈定;对高镁磷矿石一般工业指标应做出调整;对共伴生矿产应根据当前回收利用技术水平制定共伴生矿产回收利用的量化指标。     

川西甲基卡地区侏倭组沉积物源分析—来自碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄证据

松潘- 甘孜造山带是青藏高原东北部的重要组成单元,是华北板块、扬子板块和羌塘块体的主要汇聚地区,主要由中生代浅变质沉积地层和一系列岩浆岩组成,记录了印支期以来块体之间的收敛汇聚等构造活动。其中,雅江残余盆地发育一套厚度巨大的中生代碎屑岩和岩浆岩地层组合,是研究松潘- 甘孜造山带地质构造演化的理想地区之一。本文对川西甲基卡地区侏倭组的样品进行了碎屑锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年龄测试,碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄存在四个峰值,分别为231~281Ma、424~502Ma、707~983Ma、1539~1850Ma,表明扬子克拉通西缘及松潘甘孜造山带南部至少经历了四期强烈的构造—岩浆热事件,这四期事件在三叠系沉积地层中有非常清楚的记录。231~281Ma的锆石来自东昆仑,这一年龄段的锆石最可能来自北部晚二叠世松潘洋向北俯冲于华北板块之下所形成的东昆仑岛弧花岗岩。424~502Ma的锆石来自北秦岭,代表了加里东期南秦岭与北秦岭和华北板块的拼合事件。722~983Ma的锆石来自扬子板块,这一年龄段的锆石最可能来自盆地东部新元古界拉伸系上扬子克拉通盆地向北西俯冲于华北板块之下所形成的南秦岭花岗岩,形成于扬子板块晋宁期陆壳增生事件。1539~1850Ma与华北板块基底年龄特征值正相对应,是吕梁期华北克拉通东西两大块体在中部发生碰撞,华北古陆进一步固结、扩大的时间,这其中包含了继承东西块体的太古宙物质和新生的火成岩和沉积岩,在中- 晚三叠世,随着秦岭洋的关闭和碰撞造山,将大量碎屑物质经华北板块南缘东西向的疏导体系注入松潘甘孜盆地。说明松潘甘孜三叠纪复理石盆地侏倭组主要接受来自东昆仑、华北板块和秦岭造山带的物质。最年轻碎屑锆石可以限定沉积岩的最大沉积年龄,侏倭组4颗年轻碎屑锆石加权平均计算得出241. 8±4. 5Ma（n=4）,推测侏倭组沉积年龄介于231. 6~249. 9Ma之间。     

Distinction between the Storegga tsunami and the holocene marine transgression in coastal basin deposits of western Norway

Many coastal lakes were inundated by both the Storegga tsunami (7000 ¹⁴C yr BP) and the mid-Holocene sea-level rise (the Tapes transgression) in western Norway. The tsunami eroded lake bottoms and deposited graded and/or massive beds of sand, rip-up clasts, and coarse plant material. By contrast, when the rising sea entered the lakes, it deposited only gyttja, silt and fine sand, without causing much erosion of the underlying lake sediments. Storegga tsunami deposits in some coastal lakes were interpreted previously as ordinary marine sediments from the Tapes transgression. Our reinterpretation of these deposits shows that the transgression maximum phase was reached after 6500 yr BP, more than 1000 yr later than previously inferred for the coast of Sunnmøre. The new data cannot be combined in a shoreline diagram without showing the 6000 yr BP and 7000 yr BP shorelines as slightly warped. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中奥陶统地球化学特征及古环境意义

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘位于中国东西部构造接合区,其奥陶纪末期构造体制的改变引起了广泛关注。选取老石旦剖面中奥陶统碳酸盐岩作为研究对象,通过地球化学分析,恢复其古环境特征并探索盆地西缘中奥陶世构造体制改变在沉积学与地球化学方面的响应。结果显示:(1)三道坎组和桌子山组碳酸盐岩δ¹⁸O为-5.2‰~-8.9‰,平均值为-7.0‰;δ¹³C为1.3‰~-1.8‰,平均值为-0.1‰。δ¹⁸O自下而上不断增加,并在顶部出现小幅降低。δ¹³C与δ¹⁸O变化趋势相似。(2)古环境特征表现为从三道坎组到桌子山组,水温经历了初期震荡,从32.7 ℃缓慢降至15.7 ℃。古盐度Z值呈不断增加的趋势,反映出该沉积期水体加深、盐度不断升高。(3)主量、微量元素指标反映出研究区中奥陶世沉积水体不断加深,从三道坎组到桌子山组陆源碎屑物质含量逐渐降低,指示沉积环境由局限台地向开阔台地转变。结合研究区中奥陶统构造背景,认为中奥陶世鄂尔多斯盆地西缘已经处于前陆盆地的构造体制下,逐渐受到阿拉善地块和华北板块碰撞造山影响,盆地呈现西北高、东南低的古地貌特征,从而导致蒸发浓缩的富钾卤水向东南部汇聚;因此,陕北盐盆东南部次级凹陷是海相钾盐矿床的重点勘探靶区。     

Volume and Surface Distribution Heterogeneity of Nano-pore in Coal Samples by CO2 and N2 Adsorption Experiments

In this paper, the heterogeneity of adsorption pores in middle and high rank coal samples were analyzed by using low temperature N2 and CO2 adsorption technology and fractal theory. The following results were achieved. 1) According to the results of volume and surface fractal dimension, meso-pores can be classified into Mep-1, Mep-2, and Mep-3, respectively. Micro-pore can be classified into Mip-1, Mip-2, and Mip-3, respectively. 2) Pore types play an important role in affecting the heterogeneity of meso-pores. The volume heterogeneity (VHY) of Mep-1 is simpler than that of Mep-2 and Mep-3 in type A samples. However, the VHY of Mep-1 becomes gradually larger than that of Mep-2 and Mep-3 from type A to type B and C. The VHY of open pore in the same diameter is higher than that of semi-open or closed pore. Meanwhile, the surface heterogeneity (SHY) of types A and B samples is significantly larger than that of type C, the SHY of semi-open or closed pores is more complicated than that of open pores. 3) Coal rank mainly affects the heterogeneity of micro-pores. The heterogeneity of type A is always smaller than that of type B and C. The VHY of Mip-1 is more complicated than that of Mip-2 and Mip-3 in the same samples, and the sensitivity of the VHY of Mip-1 and Mip-2 to the degree of coal rank is smaller than that of Mip-3. Meanwhile, the SHY of Mip-1 and Mip-2 is simpler than that of Mip-3 in the same sample, the SHY of micro-pores remains stable as the pore size decreases, and the affect of coalification level on SHY decreases with the decrease in pore diameter. Full-scale fractal characterization has enabled quantitative characterization of adsorption pore properties and provided useful information with regards to the similarity of pore features in different coal reservoirs.     

扬子板块西缘新元古代典型中酸性岩浆事件及其深部动力学机制:研究进展与展望

华南板块发育有巨量新元古代岩浆岩,因而是研究罗迪尼亚（Rodinia）超大陆演化期间华南板块地幔属性、地壳演化和壳幔相互作用最理想的场所。虽然在扬子西缘新元古代镁铁质和酸性岩浆作用方面已有大量的研究,但是在系统研究中酸性花岗岩类所代表的不同深部动力学意义的方面还较为薄弱。文章基于团队近期对于扬子板块西缘新元古代典型花岗岩类的研究成果,系统揭示不同深度层次的岩浆作用。最新研究支持扬子西缘新元古代受控于俯冲构造背景,除发生俯冲流体和板片熔体交代地幔作用外,最新识别的ca.850~835 Ma高Mg#闪长岩指示俯冲沉积物熔体也参与了地幔交代作用。Ca.840~835 Ma过铝质花岗岩的发现说明扬子西缘新元古代时期不仅存在新生镁铁质下地壳的熔融,也发生了俯冲背景下成熟大陆地壳物质的重熔。Ca.780 Ma Ⅰ型花岗闪长岩-花岗岩组合揭示了俯冲阶段后期板片回撤断离后软流圈地幔瞬时上涌引发的不同地壳层次的岩浆响应。从ca.800 Ma的增厚下地壳来源的埃达克质花岗岩到ca.750 Ma的酸性地壳来源的A型花岗岩的出现,表明扬子西缘新元古代时期经历了俯冲有关的地壳增厚到俯冲后期弧后扩张背景下的区域性地壳减薄。      

川西坳陷中段须四段层序地层格架内沉积特征

为了深入认识川西坳陷中段须四段层序地层格架内沉积特征,综合利用野外露头、地震、岩心、测/录井、分析测试等资料对其进行了系统分析。结果表明须四段为一个三级层序,根据层序界面特征划分出低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域,并建立了等时层序地层格架。依据沉积相标志识别出冲积扇、辫状河、辫状河三角洲和湖泊4种相类型,明确了层序地层格架内沉积相平面展布及纵向演化特征：平面上,短轴物源自龙门山山前依次发育冲积扇、辫状河、辫状河三角洲和湖泊相,长轴物源主要发育辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,长短轴物源在合兴场-德阳-马井-新繁镇一带地区交汇;纵向上,低位体系域和高位体系域时期以辫状河三角洲前缘沉积为主,水下分支河道砂体纵向叠置、横向连片、分布广泛,湖侵体系域时期以滨浅湖沉积为主。建立了层序-沉积充填模式,指出低位体系域和高位体系域时期的长轴物源和长短轴物源交汇区辫状河三角洲前缘水下分支河道砂体是研究区优质储层发育区。     

Baddeleyite and zircon U-Pb ages of the ultramafic rocks in Chigu Tso area,Southeastern Tibet and their constraints on the timing of Comei Large Igneous Province

A suite of ultramafic and mafic rocks developed in the Chigu Tso area, eastern Tethyan Himalaya. Baddeleyite and zircon U-Pb ages acquired by SIMS and LA-ICP-MS from olivine pyroxenite rocks in the Chigu Tso area are 138.9±3.0 Ma and 139.0±1.9 Ma, respectively. These two Early Cretaceous ages are similar with the ages of the more abundant mafic rocks in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya, indicating that this suite of ultramafic and mafic rocks in the Chigu Tso area should be included in the outcrop area of the Comei Large Igneous Province (LIP). These ultramafic rocks provide significant evidence that the involvement of mantle plume/hot spot activities in the formation of the Comei LIP. Baddeleyite U-Pb dating by SIMS is one reliable and convenient method to constrain the formation time of ultramafic rocks. The dating results of baddeleyite and zircon from the olivine pyroxenite samples in this paper are consistent with each other within analytical uncertainties, suggesting that baddeleyite and zircon were both formed during the same magmatic process. The consistency of baddeleyite U-Pb ages in the Chigu Tso area with zircon U-Pb ages for a large number of Early Cretaceous mafic rocks in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya further support that zircon grains from such mafic rocks yielding Early Cretaceous ages are also magmatic in origin.     

南海西部风驱离岸急流次中尺度锋面的动力学分析

本文利用卫星观测资料和500 m分辨率数值模拟结果,结合理论分析,对南海西部夏季风场驱动的离岸急流海域次中尺度锋面及其不稳定对背景流场的动力学影响进行了研究。卫星观测和模拟结果表明,南海西部（WSCS）存在侧向尺度为O（1-10）km的次中尺度锋面,在地转和非地转运动的共同作用下,次中尺度密度锋面具有一阶Rossby（Ro）和Richardson（Ri）数。锋面诊断结果显示,沿锋面急流方向的风场强迫引起了显著的跨锋面Ekman净输送,有效地在跨锋面方向将表层冷水平流输送至暖水侧,导致海表浮力损失。减弱的垂向层结和增强的水平浮力梯度使得锋面海域出现负Ertel位涡（PV）,表明该密度锋面易受次中尺度对称不稳定（SI）的影响。次中尺度锋面不稳定引起的跨锋面次级环流能够显著增强垂向速度,其最大值可达100 m·d^-1。能量评估结果表明,次中尺度湍流的两个主要能量源,即地转剪切项（GSP）和垂向浮力通量（BFLUX）在锋面海域显著增强表明在沿锋面急流方向的风场强迫作用下,大尺度地转流的地转剪切动能和锋面有效位能能有效地通过锋面不稳定向次中尺度过程传递。因此,次中尺度锋面及其不稳定有助于增强局地垂向交换和正向串级地转能量,可以为夏季WSCS高叶绿素浓度的相干结构和锋面地转能量的正向传递提供新的动力解释。