Fluid evolution and thermal structure in the rapidly exhuming gneiss complex of Namche Barwa–Gyala Peri, eastern Himalayan syntaxis

High‐grade gneisses (amphibolite–granulite facies) of the Namche Barwa and Gyala Peri massifs, in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, have been unroofed from metamorphic depths in the late Tertiary–Recent. Rapid exhumation (2–5 mm year^?1) has resulted in a pronounced shallow conductive thermal anomaly beneath the massifs and the intervening Tsangpo gorge. The position of the 300 °C isotherm has been estimated from fluid inclusions using CO₂–H₂O immiscibility phase equilibria to be between 2.5 and 6.2 km depth below surface. Hence, the near‐surface average thermal gradient exceeds 50 °C km^?1 beneath valleys, although the thermal gradient is relatively lower beneath the high mountains. The original metamorphic fluid in the gneisses was >90% CO₂. This fluid was displaced by incursion of brines from overlying marine sedimentary rocks that have since been largely removed by erosion. Brines can exceed 60 wt% dissolved salts, and include Ca, Na, K and Fe chlorides. These brines were remobilized during the earliest stages of uplift at >500 °C. During exhumation, incursion of abundant topography‐driven surface waters resulted in widespread fracture‐controlled hydrothermal activity and brine dilution down to the brittle–ductile transition. Boiling water was particularly common at shallow levels (<2.5 km) beneath the Yarlung Tsangpo valley, and numerous hot springs occur at the surface in this valley. Dry steam is not a major feature of the hydrothermal system in the eastern syntaxis (in contrast to the western syntaxis at Nanga Parbat), but some dry steam fluids may have developed locally.     

辽河盆地西部凹陷北部地区新生代断裂特征与圈闭类型

通过对辽河盆地西部凹陷北部地区构造特征研究,将新生代盆地划分为初始裂陷、伸展断陷、挤压拗陷3个演化阶段。新生代构造以张性断裂为主,兼具走滑和反转特征,其中,沙四、沙三期为伸展断裂系统,沙一、沙二至东营期为走滑断裂系统,馆陶期为挤压断裂系统。沙箱模拟实验证明,挤压反转构造受断层下盘施力方式控制,与基底走滑作用有关,伸展断裂控制的断鼻状构造和挤压背斜构造是高升斜坡带和牛心坨隆起带上较为有利的目标优选类型。     

The cation and silica chemistry of a Subandean river basin in western Amazonia

We sampled river water at 13 locations in the Pichis basin, a 10 500 km² large rainforest‐covered drainage basin in Peru, to assess the influence of lithological variability and seasonality on water chemistry. The concentrations of major cations and silica show a strong seasonal dependence and a remarkable variability over short distances that is only weakly reduced in the wet season; cation concentrations in streams differ by up to 100% within a few kilometres. The lowest cation concentrations were associated with relatively cation‐depleted upper Tertiary and lower Quaternary formations, whereas relatively cation‐rich lower Tertiary and Jurassic formations left a clear calcium and sodium signal in the respective rivers. Cluster analysis, in conjunction with boxplots, suggests that the sampling locations can be segregated into three groups based on similarities of their geochemical signals. According to the previously defined criteria, one river is classified as a Group 2 river with 200 < TZ+ < 450 µeq/L, whereas all other rivers fall into Group 3 with 450 < TZ+ < 3000 µeq/L (where TZ+ refers to the total cation charge). Based on a comparison with other studies at different sections of the Amazon mainstem, the river chemistry of our study area is relatively enriched in K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, and, consequently, has a higher TZ+ value, while being relatively depleted in silica. The influence of lithological variability on water chemistry must be considered in land‐use change studies even at watershed areas of 26–3382 km². Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抓住西部开发机遇确保广西地勘经济可持续发展

中央实施西部大开发战略,为西部经济发展带来了一次千载难逢的机遇。作为调整和发展中的广西地勘局,必须抓住这一历史机遇,实现地勘经济的可持续发展。     

A New Lithostratigraphic Framework for the Cretaceous Colorado Group in the Cold Lake Heavy Oil Area,East-Central Alberta,Canada

The Albian to Santonian Colorado Group in the heavy oil area of Cold Lake, east-central Alberta represents a relatively condensed section of shale-dominated sedimentation within the Western Interior Sea. These shales form the cap rock to the underlying Clearwater and Grand Rapids formations that are exploited for bitumen extraction. Two cores covering the entire Colorado Group provide a unique opportunity for establishment of a stratigraphic reference in an area that has received attention only for its heavy oil-bearing Mannville Group. Based on sedimentology, geochemistry, micropaleontology, nannofossils, and wireline log data, the Colorado Group was subdivided into the Joli Fou, Viking, Westgate, Fish Scales, Belle Fourche, Second White Specks, and Niobrara formations. The Niobrara Formation was subdivided further into the Verger Member, informal Cold Lake member, and First White Specks Member. Because of this region’s small accommodation space and distance to sources of coarse clastic sediment, disconformities are indicated lithologically by bioclastic layers and missing biozones. Foraminiferal subzones revealed two erosional boundaries associated with the Viking Formation. Faunal and floral evidence coupled with wireline log correlations suggest that the Middle to Upper Turonian Carlile Formation, as described from southeastern Alberta, is missing. That extends the Middle Turonian to Coniacian unconformity, as recognized in central Saskatchewan, westwards into Alberta.     

川西坳陷圈闭分类

川西坳陷有着复杂的形成与演化历史,从而导致油气成藏、圈闭类型复杂的局面。通过对川西主要气藏圈闭分析,把圈闭成因作为分类的基础,圈闭形态及遮挡方式作为划分各大类中次一级亚类的依据。按形成油气圈闭的主导成因差异,将川西坳陷圈闭划分为构造圈闭、地层圈闭和成岩圈闭三大类型。其中,岩性圈闭和古构造-成岩圈闭是川西坳陷的优势圈闭。     

湘西董家河铅锌矿地质特征及成矿物质来源探讨

湘西董家河铅锌矿区赋存于陡山沱组下部(Zd)微晶白云岩中,顶板为黑色炭质板岩,底板为南沱组冰碛层,矿体产状、矿石矿物组合、矿石组构反映成矿受沉积成岩和后期构造热液活动的双重控制,成矿温度低(130°~170℃),属典型的低温沉积改造型矿床。矿床经历了沉积成岩和后期热液改造阶段,硫、铅、碳氧同位素组成表明成矿物质主要来源于下伏地层和围岩,部分物质来源于深部基底变质岩。     

塔里木盆地西部盐矿点卤水地球化学特征及成钾预测

在塔里木盆地的地质发展史上,发生了多次的海进和海退,带来了大量的成盐物质。而且,由于极度的干旱,沉积了大量的岩盐,有望在塔里木盆地找到钾盐。通过野外工作,发现在塔里木盆地西部有大量石盐和盐泉卤水出露。笔者基于地质概况和岩相古地理特征的介绍,通过对采自塔里木盆地西部卤水样品的化学分析,讨论了其地球化学参数及成钾可能性。根据卤水样的分析结果得出:大多数卤水都是从厚层的岩盐中淋滤出来的,岩盐主要是氯化物型,这种类型的岩盐表面上都没有达到钾盐沉积的阶段;其次,根据Br和K含量表明WSKL(乌克沙鲁)已经有钾盐沉积的显示,是一个值得注意的地方,应该把重点放在这个区域;最后,由于原始沉积的原因,塔里木盆地Br含量普遍很低,这一点通过实验结果和收集到的资料已经得到了证实,不能单纯地依据Br指数来判断岩盐的沉积阶段,必须寻找除海相成钾以外的其他的成钾模式。