基于GIS技术的永久基本农田划定方法研究

为了探讨永久基本农田划定的有效方式,该文以济南市长清区为例,综合考虑耕地划入永久基本农田的因素,选择了质量等别、连片度、耕地坡度、耕地交通便利性和耕地居民点辐射度5个评价指标因子,运用GIS技术获取评价指标因子得分,根据特尔菲法确定评价指标权重,采用多因素加权分析法对耕地划入永久基本农田进行综合评价,运用GIS空间分析功能输出永久基本农田分布图,并实现了划定永久基本农田。该文研究成果可为县(区)级永久基本农田划定提供借鉴方法和科学依据。     

Chironomid‐inferred Late‐glacial air temperatures at Whitrig Bog,Southeast Scotland

This paper presents the first chironomid‐inferred mean July air temperature reconstruction for the Late‐glacial in Britain. The reconstruction suggests that the thermal maximum occurred early in the interstadial, with temperatures reaching about 12°C. There was then a gradual downward trend to about 11°C, punctuated by four distinct cold oscillations of varying intensity. At the beginning of the Younger Dryas, mean July temperatures fell to about 7.5°C but gradually increased to about 9°C before a rapid rise at the onset of the Holocene. The chironomid‐inferred temperature curve agrees closely, both in general trends and in detail, with the GRIP ice‐core oxygen‐isotope curve. The reconstructed temperatures are 2–4°C lower than coleopteran‐inferred temperatures but are closer to those inferred from plant macrofossils and glacial equilibrium‐line altitudes during the Younger Dryas. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydraulic geometry and maximum flow efficiency as products of the principle of least action

Basic flow relationships have previously been seen to be insufficient to explain the self‐adjusting mechanism of alluvial channels and as a consequence extremal hypotheses have been incorporated into the analyses. In contrast, this study finds that by introducing a channel form factor (width/depth ratio), the self‐adjusting mechanism of alluvial channels can be illustrated directly with the basic flow relations of continuity, resistance and sediment transport. Natural channel flow is able to reach an optimum state (Maximum Flow Efficiency (MFE), defined as the maximum sediment transporting capacity per unit available stream power) with regard to the adjustment of channel form such that rivers exhibit regular hydraulic geometry relations at dominant or bankfull stage. Within the context of MFE, this study offers support for the use of the concepts of maximum sediment transporting capacity (MSTC) and minimum stream power (MSP). Furthermore, this study indicates that the principle of least action is able to provide a physical explanation for the existence of MFE, MSTC and MSP. Potential energy is minimized and consequently sediment transport is maximized in alluvial channels. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

明渠恒定紊流的总流控制方程与能量损失特性

为进一步深化对明渠总流控制方程的认识,探究总流能量损失的构成与分布特点,通过理论分析,在黏性流体力学理论的框架下构建了描述明渠恒定紊流总体特性的总流积分模型与总流微分模型的控制方程,其模型参数能直接通过流动统计特征量在过流断面上的分布来获取,由此实现明渠流的流场特性描述与总流描述的统一,并得到了总流能量损失的显示表达式。同时指出,总流能量损失由黏性耗散与维持紊动两部分构成,在矩形明渠恒定均匀流紊流的分类能量损失构成中,壁面上以黏性耗散部分为主,维持紊动部分的能量损失密度随着离开壁面距离的增加而快速增加,且随着雷诺数的增大,其增加速度也越快。     

Power law or power flaw?

Since its introduction by Svensson in 1959, the power law curve y = ax^b (where x and y are horizontal and vertical direction, respectively) has been widely used in morphological analysis of glacial trough cross-profiles. The numerical constants a and b are obtained by a linear regression analysis of the logarithmic form of the power law curve (ln y = ln a + b ln x). The value b then gives a measure for the form of the cross-section. However, over the years this form of the power law has endured a lot of criticism. This criticism is well founded, since this particular form of the power law is not suitable for curve fitting in morphological analyses. In this paper a general power law is proposed, of the form y − y₀ = a|x − x₀|^b (where x₀, y₀ are the coordinates of the origin of the cross-profile). A unique and unbiased solution for this equation is obtained with a general least-squares method, thereby minimizing the error between the cross-profile data and the curve, and not between the logarithmic transform of the data and its regression line. This provides a robust way to characterize trough cross-section forms. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

敦煌西土沟沙漠洪水资源开发利用模式及成效分析

收集研究区域内雨量站历年降水量资料,水文站历年径流系列资料以及历年最大洪峰流量、洪水总量成果资料及西土沟敦煌沙漠水文实验研究站实测水文资料,调查该区域内洪水沟道的历史最大洪水。用水文学原理和方法对洪峰流量和洪水总量变化规律进行统计分析,结合敦煌西土沟流域灾害综合治理工程实施情况估算区域水资源可利用量,提出沙漠洪水资源开发利用新模式。结果表明:西土沟流域洪水灾害综合治理工程的实施探索出导流+分洪+工程防护的洪水资源开发利用模式、拦蓄洪水产生地下径流利用模式和沙漠冷水虹鳟鱼养殖到葡萄种植的区域水资源重复利用模式;有效遏制了研究区内沙漠的进一步推进并可显著增加流域内可利用水资源量,实现了区域生态治理与经济发展的良性循环。     

基于防洪库容总量控制的雅砻江下游梯级水库蓄水策略研究

根据长江防御洪水方案对雅砻江梯级水库的防洪库容预留要求,分析了预留防洪库容对梯级电站蓄水发电的影响。结合雅砻江水电开发的特点,提出了梯级水库防洪库容总量控制的解决思路,建立了基于防洪库容总量控制的蓄水期发电量最大模型,计算分析了9种不同来水情景的梯级水库优化蓄水方案,并给出了梯级水库总体优化蓄水策略。对该类问题研究具有一定借鉴意义。     

基于干密度指标的珊瑚砂吹填地基机场跑道沉降计算

珊瑚砂吹填地基中,只有其中细颗粒的珊瑚砂可进行常规室内压缩试验,将细颗粒珊瑚砂压缩试验成果应用到工程实践中不尽合理。通过室内大尺寸样品的压缩试验,获得珊瑚砂、珊瑚枝及珊瑚砂与珊瑚枝混合料的压力-干密度关系曲线和干密度-竖向应变关系曲线。利用关系曲线,结合现场试验得到的干密度,采用分层总和法计算珊瑚砂吹填地基需要虚铺的厚度和机场跑道总沉降量,为珊瑚砂吹填地基的沉降变形提供了一种新的计算方法。     

新一轮土地利用总体规划修编的思考与探索--以济南市土地利用总体规划修编为例

我国土地利用总体规划编制的历史较短,经验尚不丰富,有关基础理论和编制方法还处于探索阶段。结合新一轮规划修编情况,认为应该注意基础数据的准确性,要有对上一轮规划实施情况的科学评价、对社会经济发展战略的科学定位和对各类用地规模的科学预测,要注意与城市规划等其他规划之间的协调与衔接,还要注重规划修编的开放性等问题。济南市在规划修编过程中总结以往规划存在的问题,提出了动态规划方案的新思路、控制指标的弹性管理方法及规划实施的机制创新途径。     

移动三维激光扫描技术在隧道结构监测中应用

我国地铁隧道监测主要以全站仪为主的传统测量,监测点有限,监测过程缓慢,难以全面反映隧道结构的变形。本文针对地铁隧道结构特点,提出了一种基于新型移动式三维激光测量技术的隧道结构监测方案。首先利用移动激光扫描获取高密度点云数据;然后通过自动识别提取隧道顶部的环片拼接缝,以此为基础结合点云数据提取各环片断面信息,对环片结构进行分析;最后利用综合数据管理平台对各类监测成果进行管理分析,实现隧道结构变化的科学管理。实际工程应用表明,该方案监测结果准确、成果分析与管理更加科学,满足隧道健康监测的需求。