山地灾害概念之我见

山地灾害－词应用广泛,但目前对其含义的理解因人而异。本文讨论了山地灾害的概念及其分类。山地水土灾害是山地灾害的一个类型,包括坡面土壤侵蚀,泥石流,滑坡和崩塌等灾种。     

基于GIS的洪灾遥感监测与损失风险评价系统

洪灾遥感监测与损失风险评价系统,是以RS和GIS为技术支撑平台,由洪水灾害信息接收与采集,洪水灾害模拟和洪水灾害损失组成的较完整的系统,将数据库与模型库集成,当系统接受和采集了实时获取的洪水灾害的遥感监测与常规观测的信息后,通过图像处理与信息融合,能迅速确定洪水灾情在空间和时间上的分布,实时地提供洪水淹没范围并估算经济损失,为专家调度决策、指挥救灾抗灾工作提供科学依据。     

Calibration of local magnitude scale for Hindukush continental subduction zone

Hindukush is an active subduction zone where at least one earthquake occurs on daily basis. For seismic hazard studies, it is important to develop a local magnitude scale using the data of local seismic network. We have computed local magnitude scale for Hindukush earthquakes using data from local network belonging to Center for Earthquake Studies (CES) for a period of three years, i.e. 2015–2017. A total of 26,365 seismic records pertaining to 2,683 earthquakes with magnitude 2.0 and greater, was used with hypocentral distance less than 600 km. Magnitude scale developed by using this data comes to be M_L = logA + 0.929logr + 0.00298r – 1.84. The magnitude determined through formulated relation was compared with that of standard relation for Southern California and relation developed by the same authors for local network for Northern Punjab. It was observed that Hindukush region has high attenuation as compared to that of Southern California and Northern Punjab which implies that Hindukush is tectonically more disturbed as compared to the said regions, hence, seismically more active as well. We have calculated station correction factors for our network. Station correction factors do not show any pattern which probably owes to the geological and tectonic complexity of this structure. Standard deviation and variance of magnitude residuals for CES network determined using Hutton and Boore scale and scale developed in this study were compared, it showed that a variance reduction of 44.1% was achieved. Average of magnitude residuals for different distance ranges was almost zero which showed that our magnitude scale was stable for all distances up to 600 km. Newly developed magnitude scale will help in homogenization of earthquake catalog. It has been observed that b-value of CES catalog decreases when magnitude is calculated by using newly developed magnitude scale.     

谷城县地质灾害发育规律研究

谷城县是湖北省地质灾害最严重的地区之一,全县发现各类地质灾害194处,其发育与地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造和人类工程活动、大气降雨关系密切,本文通过对谷城县地质灾害发育规律的调查与研究,分析总结了各种致灾因素对地质灾害发育程度影响,对国土开发和地质灾害勘查评价、减灾防灾工作具有一定借鉴作用.     

煤矸石的环境危害及综合利用研究

针对我国矿区煤矸石大量排放的现状,介绍了煤矸石的形成以及煤矸石大量堆放对环境所产生的危害和影响,并概述了煤矸石污染的防治措施及其综合利用途径。     

晋西黄土洞穴成因研究

在野外调查、室内实验基础上,对晋西黄土洞穴的成因进行了分析,研究表明:晋西黄土洞穴的形成是多种内外因素综合作用的结果,主要因素包括黄土的土性、微观结构、节理裂隙、地层结构厚度、水文气候、地形地貌等,其中黄土土性和微观结构是黄土洞穴形成的内因,节理裂隙和地层分布状况为洞穴发育提供了空间和物质基础,水成为黄土洞穴形成的源动力,地形地貌则控制着黄土洞穴的分布。     

陕南公路软弱变质岩边坡变形破坏特征的研究

陕西省是软弱变质岩分布广泛的省份之一。近年来,随着工程建设数量的增多和规模的加大,软弱变质岩斜坡灾害频繁发生,造成的损失也逐年增加。本文通过对陕南316国道早阳-蜀河段的实地调查,归纳了该路段软弱变质岩边坡的变形破坏特征,总结出顺层滑动、弯曲-倾倒、楔形体滑动、溃曲破坏以及滑移-拉裂5种典型的病害模式,并对每种变形破坏模式进行了具体的实例分析,从而为边坡成灾预警和选择经济有效的治理对策奠定基础。     

Google Earth在浙江省地质灾害管理中的应用

Google Earth是一个免费的卫星影像测览软件,采用"虚拟地球"的方式,提供多种分辨率的全球卫星影像,具备方便友好的操作界面,是卫星影像和地图相关资讯沟通、交流的互动平台,有非常大的用户群体,也是地质行业非常受欢迎的软件.通过KML语言制作地标文件,将县(市)地质灾害调查区划成果点数据作为专题展布之上,具有非常直观的应用和参考价值.本文通过面向对象的可视化编程软件,完成了由地质灾害数据库中读出地质灾害点信息,并经过处理写成地标文件的尝试,为使用灾害点数据提供了一种手段,在实际工作过程中得到了很好的应用.     

四川省汶川县地质灾害的成因及防治对策

四川省阿坝州汶川县位于四川盆地西北部,山高谷深,地形切割强烈,地层岩性和地质构造复杂,地质灾害发生频繁,造成损失巨大,成为国民经济和社会发展的重要障碍.本文分析了阿坝州汶川县地质灾害的主要特征及汶川县的地质灾害隐患,划分地质灾害易发区,阐述了汶川县地质灾害的成因,提出汶川县地质灾害防治初步规划建议,提出建立地质灾害信息系统,建立健全群专结合、群测群防的防灾减灾和地质灾害预报预警系统,为汶川县有计划地开展地质灾害防治和合理安排生产建设提供科学依据.