四川九寨沟Ms7.0级地震滑坡应急快速评估

基于地震滑坡危险性评估的Newmark累积位移模型,利用震前获取的震区地形数据、区域地质资料,结合地震动近实时获取技术,开展了四川九寨沟M_s7.0级地震诱发滑坡的应急快速评估。地震滑坡位移分析结果表明,同震滑坡活动的中—高强度区分布在断层两侧宽约4 km的带状区域内,整体沿北西方向延伸。其中,极震区的丰雪塘、日则和干海子等城镇驻地及附近道路的滑坡强度相对较高;震前、震后影像对比表明九寨沟地震诱发的滑坡类型以浅表型碎屑流及小规模崩塌为主,且同震碎屑流多是在震前已有碎屑流的基础上进一步活动扩展而来,震后汛期泥石流隐患也不容忽视;通过典型地区滑坡位移分析结果与震前、震后影像对比,表明滑坡位移分析结果能够较好的反映同震滑坡的宏观分布特征,但在场地尺度上吻合程度欠佳,后续将通过提升岩性和地形等数据质量进行改进。研究结果可为灾情研判提供宝贵信息,对提高灾害应急救援效率具有重要意义。     

基于Newmark模型的尼泊尔M_s8.1级地震滑坡危险性快速评估

在研究分析地震灾区地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、气象水文和典型地区滑坡的基础上,采用Newmark斜坡累积位移模型对2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_s8.1级地震诱发的滑坡危险性的空间分布状况进行了快速评估,通过典型地区的滑坡遥感解译结果验证表明评估结果具有较好的可信度,初步反映了尼泊尔地震诱发滑坡危险性分布的基本特征。然后考虑降雨作用对震后滑坡危险性的影响,对地震叠加降雨诱发滑坡危险性分布进行了快速预测。研究结果对地震应急救灾中的地质灾害防灾减灾具有重要的参考意义。     

黑龙江省矿山地质灾害遥感调查研究

利用遥感技术综合不同平台类型、不同空间或光谱分辨率、不同时间频率的遥感数据,结合矿山地物目标特征,确定矿山地质灾害遥感解译标志.对矿山地质灾害现状、成因、分布规律等进行了分析评价.提供了客观、实时、动态的黑龙江省基础矿灾数据,为黑龙江省矿山地质灾害监督、管理、预警提供可靠地科学依据.     

黄土区滑坡研究中地形因子的选取与适宜性分析

黄土高原是中国生态较为脆弱的地区,也是滑坡发育的地层之一。黄土滑坡发育是孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体等多种因素联合作用的结果,其中作为重要孕灾环境因素的地形因子的选取是黄土滑坡风险研究的基础。本文选取黄土滑坡灾害多发的甘谷县作为研究区,综合利用敏感性指数、确定性系数和相关系数方法进行地形因子在滑坡灾害研究中的适宜性分析,得出以下结论：基于确定性系数法、敏感性分析模型和相关系数法,最终筛选出适宜于本区域滑坡灾害评价的地形因子为：坡度、坡度变率、坡形和地表粗糙度;确定性系数法、敏感性分析模型都基于分析单一因子与滑坡之间的关系进行致灾因子选取,忽视地形因子之间的相关性。实验结果表明,研究区稳定性较差的区域与已发生滑坡灾害分布数量具有较好的对应关系,并深入分析了滑坡与地形因子分级范围的关系,发现地形因子分级范围对地质灾害风险研究具有重要的影响,是导致部分区域的差异性主要原因之一。实地调查发现,河网切割密度及人类工程活动也对研究区危险性具有重要的控制作用,是重要的地形因素。     

可控源音频大地电磁法在平阴县地质灾害调查中的应用效果

可控源音频大地电磁新方法在济南市平阴县安城乡东凤凰村地裂缝调查中发挥了重要作用,物探成果异常明显,推测了与地裂缝形成有关的隐伏断层产状,分析了地裂缝成因,据野外实地调查和访问,物探推测成果符合事实。该法在地质灾害调查等工程物探领域值得推广应用。     

2010年冰岛埃亚菲亚德拉火山喷发启示录——加强我国活动火山监测与研究刻不容缓

2010年3月开始的冰岛埃亚菲亚德拉火山喷发,火山灰肆虐欧洲,迫使很多机场关闭,航班取消,对世界的空中交通造成了极大的影响。本文分析了冰岛埃亚火山的喷发机制和灾害效应,回顾了近些年来我国在活动火山监测与研究领域取得的进展和存在的不足,强调了迅速加大我国火山监测与研究工作力度的重要性。     

双场点地震危险性分析方法及其应用

提出了双场点地震危险性分析方法,用以计算在相同地震构造环境中,相同地震作用下的相邻两个工程场点同时超越其给定地震动参数的概率.该方法是确定系统的危险段落、场点遭受的附加地震危险的有效工具.基于汶川MS8.0地震后大渡河干流及邻近地区的地震环境,以大渡河干流梯级水电站系统为例,确定了大渡河干流梯级水电站各个河段的地震危险性.其中危险性最高的3个河段是:龚嘴—铜街子河段、沙坪—龚嘴河段和大岗山—龙头石河段.     

Design energy input spectra for moderate-to-high seismicity regions based on Colombian earthquakes

Energy input spectra applicable to the seismic design of structures in moderate-to-high seismicity regions are proposed. Such design inputs are derived from the bilinear envelope of individual spectra obtained for 144 ground motions recorded in Colombia. In the short period region the spectra account for the increase of input energy, due to plastification of the structure, through a new formula derived from extensive nonlinear analyses. The proposed energy input design spectra are compared with the provisions of the Colombian seismic code, and with those proposed for Japan, Spain, Iran and Greece. It is found that the proposed spectra are more demanding than the current Colombian seismic code, and that they agree with those developed recently for six cities in Greece, yet applying a different approach. An empirical equation for estimating the portion of the total seismic input energy that contributes to structural damage is also developed.     

基于PSO-AHP的大坝致灾因子权重计算

提出了一种基于改进粒子群优化-层次分析法（SELPSO-AHP）的致灾因子权重计算模型,该模型依据大坝现场检测、原型监测和安全定期检查等成果,由层次分析法构建大坝风险分析的层次结构体系。为保证判断矩阵的一致性,引入改进粒子群算法和罚函数法用于层次分析法的权值计算,取得了比遗传算法更精确、更稳定的结果。将所建立的模型用于某混凝土重力坝的运行风险分析,得到了影响该坝运行风险的主要因素,为保障大坝安全提供了依据。     

Near‐source seismic demand and pulse‐like records: A discussion for L'Aquila earthquake

Rupture directivity effects in ground motion are known since many years to both seismologists and earthquake engineers, i.e. in sites that are in a particular geometrical configuration with respect to the rupture, the velocity fault‐normal signals may show a large pulse which occurs at the beginning of the record and contains the most of energy. The results are waveforms different from ordinary ground motions recorded in the far field or in geometrical conditions not favorable with respect to directivity. Current attenuation laws are not able to capture such effect well, if at all, and current probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is not able to predict the resulting peculiar spectral shape. Moreover, it is believed that structures with dynamic behavior in a range of periods related to the pulse period may be subjected to underestimated seismic demand. In the paper this is investigated and increments in both elastic and inelastic seismic actions are quantified using a large dataset of records, from the next generation attenuation project (NGA), in which a fraction is comprised of velocity pulses identified in other studies. These analyses employ recently developed tools and procedures to assess directivity effects and to quantify the associated threat in terms of seismic action on structures. Subsequently, the same tools are used in one of the first attempts to identify near‐source effects in the data recorded during a normal faulting earthquake, the mainshock of the recent Abruzzo (central Italy) sequence, leading to conclude that pulse‐like effects are likely to have occurred in the event, that is (1) observation of pulse‐like records in some near‐source stations is in fair agreement with existing predictive models, (2) the increment in seismic demand shown by pulse‐like ground motion components complies with the results of the analysis of the NGA data, and (3) seismic demand in non‐impulsive recordings is generally similar to what expected for ordinary records. The results may be useful as a benchmark for inclusion of near‐source effect in design values of seismic action and structural risk analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.