长春黄土状土的水文、工程地质特性及降水方案的确定

在镜下对长春黄土状土的微观结构进行研究，发现第三层粉质粘土含水机制在于土中具有纵横交织的空洞和管道，地下水赋存于其中；第二层棕红色粉质粘土和粘土的崩解性在于该层土具有网状裂隙，卸荷后遇水崩解，在此基础上提出基坑降水的设计方案。     

关于水资源总量计算的探讨

一个地区的水资源量,相对来说无论是地表水资源还是地下水资源均处于相对动态平衡之中。天然状态下,水资源总量等于地表水径流量与地下水天然排泄量之和,再减去地下水枯月天然排泄量(即地下水恒转化为河川基流量的部分)。     

Estimate of shallow groundwater recharge in the Hadejia–Nguru Wetlands, semi-arid northeastern Nigeria

 The Hadejia–Nguru Wetlands are annually inundated flood plains in semi-arid northeastern Nigeria. The area has a unique ecosystem that forms a natural barrier against the encroachment of the Sahara desert. Both the rich wetland vegetation and local farmers using shallow tube wells depend on a groundwater mound (with a water table less than 6 m below the surface) that is present in the unconfined aquifer under the flood-plain area. Using well records (1991–97) and a hydrogeologic profile based on piezometers that were monitored for two years, it is shown that recharge through the annually inundated flood plains is the source of the groundwater mound. Maintenance of the groundwater-recharge function of the flood plains depends on wet-season releases from two large upstream dams. On the basis of a water-budget method, the mean (1991–97) wet-season unconfined groundwater recharge in the flood-plain area between Hadejia and Nguru and in the immediate vicinity (1250 km²) is estimated to be 132 mm (range, 73–197 mm). Outflow from the unconfined flood-plain aquifer to the unconfined upland aquifer is approximately 10% of the wet-season flood-plain recharge. The unconfined groundwater outflow from the flood-plain area can provide a significant contribution to the present-day rural water supply in the surrounding uplands, but it does not offer much potential for additional groundwater abstraction. In addition to outflow to the upland aquifer (∼14 mm), the distribution of the annually recharged water volume of the shallow flood-plain aquifer is (1) domestic uses (3 mm), (2) small-scale irrigation (∼15 mm), and (3) evapotranspiration ( 1 100 mm). Along the hydrogeologic profile, the recharge in the upland (i.e., outflow from the unconfined flood-plain aquifer and possibly diffuse rain-fed recharge) is in balance with the water uses (i.e., domestic uses, groundwater outflow, and evapotranspiration). The absence of a seasonal water-level trend in the two piezometers in the upland indicates that no rain-fed recharge occurs through preferential path-way (macropore) flow. Received, June 1998 / Revised, November 1998, January 1999 / Accepted, January 1999     

地表水酸化的研究进展及其湖泊酸化的环境信息研究

通过对发达资本主义国家在其工业化进程中产生的地表水酸化、资源与环境的破坏以及相关研究进展等的简介 ,审视我国大气污染、酸雨的发展趋势 ,预估部分酸雨区存在地表水酸化的潜在危险性。据此以云南高原湖泊洱海和阳宗海为例 ,从湖水矿化度、SO2 -4 离子浓度的动态变化和沉积记录的磁化率变化等分析研究 ,评述湖泊酸化的早期表现和判别标志。     

Geotechnical characterisation of pyroclastic soils involved in huge flowslides

Landslides of the flow type involving granular geo-materials frequently result in casualties and damage to property because of the long travel distance and the high velocities that these may attain. This was true for the events that took place in Campania Region (Southern Italy) in May 1998, involving pyroclastic soils originating from explosive activities of the Somma-Vesuvius volcano. Although these phenomena have frequently affected various areas of the Campania region over the last few centuries, there were no useful geological and geotechnical references available in the aftermath of the May 1998 events. For this reason Salerno University, which was involved in the scientific management of the emergency, addressed the issue of acquiring data on the geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological features of the slopes where the landslides had taken place. The information acquired made it possible to set up a slope evolution model that is able to interpret, from a geological point of view, past and more recent landslides that had occurred in the same area. As preliminary geotechnical analyses had already validated the above model, more detailed investigations were performed both on the pore pressure regimen of the covers still in place as well as on the physical and mechanical properties of pyroclastic soils, in saturated and unsaturated conditions. The present paper begins by discussing the data acquired during the .rst phase of the studies and then goes on to illustrate the laboratory results so far obtained with the aid of approximate procedures. These help advance our knowledge of pyroclastic soils within a reasonable time frame, thus improving landslide triggering analysis.     

基于栅格数据的陕西省人居环境自然适宜性测评

人居环境中的自然基础和生态背景,不仅直接关系到人的身心健康和生活质量,而且影响人类发展水平与社会进步.科学度量人居环境自然适宜性空间格局,对于界定主体功能区、引导人口合理分布与流动,促进人口与资源环境协调发展具有重要意义.运用GIS技术,采用综合指数法,基于陕西省96个气象站点1966-2005年气象数据、1990-2007年逐月NDVI和Landsat TM影像、1:25万DEM、2000年陕西省人口详查数据、2006人口数据以及其他相关资料,以100 m×100 m栅格单元构建并直观展现了陕西省人居环境自然适宜程度空间格局,在此基础上,剖析了各区的适宜性和限制性因子.结果表明:陕西省的人居环境指数介于18.55～88.97之间:从西北向东南、从山地、高原向平原、河谷人居自然适宜程度递增.一般适宜区面积最广,占陕西省总面积的63.28%;比较适宜地区居次,占26.11%;临界适宜区占10.26%:高度适宜区面积最小,仅占0.35%.陕西省总人口的68.92%分布在占全省面积26.46%的高度适宜区和比较适宜区.地表水资源和地形起伏度是引起省内人居环境自然适宜性分异的主要因子.实证分析表明该测评结果比较客观地反映了陕西省人居的自然生态背景.     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林植物沙拐枣气体交换特性对干旱胁迫的响应

利用LI-6400光合作用系统测定了干旱胁迫和正常灌溉两种处理下,塔里木沙漠公路防护林中乔木状沙拐枣（Calligonum arborescens）净光合速率、蒸腾速率以及水分利用效率等气体交换特性的日变化及季节变化动态。分析得出：两种处理下沙拐枣净光合速率在不同生长季的日变化动态均为单峰型;蒸腾速率除8月干旱胁迫处理下表现出微弱的双峰变化外,其余也为单峰型;干旱胁迫显著降低了沙拐枣的光合能力和蒸腾能力,而且随着干旱胁迫时间的持续,净光合速率和蒸腾速率降低的幅度在不断增加。干旱胁迫所引起的土壤含水量的降低和植物体内的水分亏缺并没有提高沙拐枣的水分利用效率,反而使其有着明显的下降。但尽管如此,沙拐枣在持续干旱的情况下依然能够维持生长,它通过适当降低蒸腾减少水分散失和降低光补偿点以提高弱光利用能力等方法来进行必要的光合积累,这说明沙拐枣有着极强的耐旱能力和适应极端环境的本领,而且通过沙拐枣在长期干旱胁迫处理下的顽强表现,也充分说明沙漠公路防护林在人工管理过程中依然存在着进一步节水的可能性。     

极端干旱区多枝柽柳茎水势变化影响因子分析

以新疆塔里木河下游极端干旱环境下天然植物多枝柽柳为研究对象,基于对气象因子、土壤水盐和多枝柽柳茎水势特性的实地监测资料,研究了影响多枝柽柳茎水势变化的主导环境因子,揭示了反映多枝柽柳生长发育期茎干水分变化的环境因子的指示性和指示阈值。结果表明:①在众多环境因子中,土壤水分对多枝柽柳茎水势变化影响最强烈,多枝柽柳对土壤水分的吸收不存在最低土壤含水率阈值,但36%的土壤含水率为影响多枝柽柳茎水势变化的临界上限,超过36%则对其没有明显影响。②土壤pH值的变化可反映极端干旱区多枝柽柳茎水势特性的变化;7.95±0.03的土壤pH值为反映多枝柽柳茎水势发生变化的临界阈值,当土壤pH值大于7.95±0.03时利于多枝柽柳有效分泌盐碱,维持正常生长。该研究为减轻多枝柽柳受旱程度、维持多枝柽柳正常生长及时补充水分提供理论依据。     

1：150万山东省地下水资源评价空间数据库建库工作方法及流程

1：150万山东省地下水资源评价空间数据库，是全国地下水资源评价空间数据库的重要组成部分，是在新一轮山东省地下水资源评价的基础上建立的。本文简要论述了建库的准备、图形数据采集、属性数据采集、数据的集成4个阶段的工作方法流程。该库的建立，实现了山东省地下水资源评价空间信息的集中管理、数据的网络查询、统计分析及全国范围内的信息共享。     

高压水射流破岩规律的数值模拟研究

运用动态非线性有限元法和Hoffman破碎准则,研究了高压水射流破碎岩石的规律,提出了高压射流破碎岩石过程分为射流冲蚀破碎和锤冲破碎及两个临界压力的概念。研究结果表明,提高射流冲击速度、喷射直径、横移速度、射流束数,在35°至40°之间合理选择射流入射角可以提高射流破碎岩石的效率。