海洋微塑料检测技术研究进展

海洋微塑料污染目前已成为全球性的环境问题,近年来海洋微塑料检测技术越来越受到人们的关注。本文简要总结了微塑料样品采集及处理方法,并从检测方法的角度系统综述了近些年来微塑料检测技术的研究进展,涉及目视分析法、光谱法(如傅立叶变换红外光谱法和拉曼光谱法)、热分析法以及其他分析方法等(如质谱法以及扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪联用法)。本文简要评价了各类检测方法的优缺点,以期为海洋微塑料检测技术的发展提供参考,并探讨了未来海洋微塑料检测技术的发展方向。     

Direct observation of complex Tóthian groundwater flow systems in the laboratory

Based on the theory of gravity‐driven groundwater flow systems, we have developed a complex Flow System Sand‐Box Model (FSM). It enables the visual observations of the development and characteristics and temporal evolution of complex Tóthian flow systems in the laboratory. The configuration of the regional, intermediate and local flow systems can be controlled and observed; hydraulic head, flow direction and travel time can be measured; and the scale and shape of the sub‐flow systems as well as the path lines and flow lines can be observed directly. The experiments demonstrate the Tóthian flow systems in a small basin with multiple sources and sinks. Greater local topographic (water table) undulation will lead to larger local flow systems. Greater regional and less local topographic undulation will enhance the development of intermediate and regional flow systems. In homogeneous media, increasing fluid‐potential differences between source and sink increase the spatial scale of the generated flow systems. The FSM is a useful teaching aid and experimental device to study and develop an intuitive insight into gravity‐driven groundwater flow systems. It helps to visualize and understand the hydraulic properties and controlling factors of Tóthian flow systems and may be used to study problems related to the chemical and temperature characteristics of the flow systems as well. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Areal extent of the 1988 flood in Bangladesh: How much did the satellite imagery show?

This paper presents the methods and results of visual interpretation of satellite imagery for estimating areal extent of the 1988 flood in Bangladesh. The main limitation of this method was that cloud-free images were not available for the peak flood period in the first week of September. Relatively cloud-free images on three selected dates in the last three weeks of September showed that areas of inundation on those dates ranged from 44000 to 60000 km² ± 5% (31 to 42% of Bangladesh). The Government of Bangladesh official estimates of the areal extent of flooding were tentative in nature, since these were based on a choropleth map of relative proportions (percentages) of flooding in different parts of the country. The official estimate of the maximum extent of flooding was 82000 km² (57% of Bangladesh), i.e. 15 to 26% larger than the area shown on satellite imagery. The actual extent of flooding was certainly larger than the estimates from satellite imagery but, perhaps, smaller than the official estimates, since a reduction of 15 to 26% of flood area in one to three weeks seemed unlikely. An alternative method of mapping flood-affected areas by using newspaper-interpreted data was attempted, but the method had limited values because of reporting bias.     

视景地形仿真及其应用

本文主要讨论了视景地形仿真的特点、数据基础及其实现的整个过程，列举了视景地形仿真在军事上和其它领域的应用实例。实验表明，本文所介绍的视景地形仿真过程简单而容易实现，仿真的地形景观具有良好的视觉效果。     

Fossil nothofagaceous leaves from the Eocene of western Antarctica and their bearing on the origin, dispersal and systematics of Nothofagus

Fossil leaves resembling Nothofagaceae have been investigated from the Eocene of western Antarctica and a new form genus Nothofagofolia is proposed for these kinds of fossils. Some new specimens belonging to this form genus are described. They were collected from the Fossil Hill locality of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, western Antarctica. Two new species, two new combinations and an unnamed species are reported. A number of published Nothofagus leaf fossils from the same locality are discussed and revised. As a result of these studies of Nothofagus leaf morphology, we conclude that (1) Nothofagus probably originated in high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere during the middle-late Late Cretaceous and diversified, dispersed gradually to the lower latitudes of the same hemisphere; (2) leaf morphological characters are significant for the systematics of the family Nothofagaceae, especially at the intrageneric level; and (3) extant species of Nothofagus known from southern temperate areas have more primitive leaf morphological characters and lower leaf ranks than those from tropical mountains as well as those of the Fagaceae and Betulaceae. Supported by the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology & Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaoentology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 013106), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30670159) and the Fund of Innovation Program by Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences     

微机双道原子荧光光度计测控系统设计

该系统采用串口通信方式完成嵌入式单片机系统^[1]和计算机之间通信，通过测量待测溶液和标样的荧光强度来计算待测液中某痕量元素的含量，该系统具有图形化友好菜单操作、可视化的曲线分析和数据处理等特点。     

电子地形图符号体系的研究

随着数字制图技术的发展,电子地图的应用日益增多,为保证地理信息感知和认知的一致性与准确性,达到信息与资源共享,电子地形图符号的规范化、标准化势在必行。文中针对此种需求介绍了电子地形图符号体系和符号标准化的研究现状,分析了电子地形图符号体系中存在的主要问题,详细阐述了电子地形图符号体系构建的基本原则、内容以及体系结构,并且结合示例进行了说明,为电子地形图符号体系的研究提供了一些思路。     

战场地理空间信息可视化系统设计与研究

对当前流行的3DGIS系统进行了介绍,并研究提出了采用面向对象的方法来表达3D场景中的空间数据,基于栅格金字塔模型来组织和管理地形数据,基于视点相关的地形LoD方法实现了大范围漫游,基于参数化3D建模方法和矢量地物LoD来实现地物数据的建模和可视化的方法,设计和构建西北地区战场地理空间信息可视化系统(3DMGIS)。     

计算机地貌晕渲效果增强方法研究

在总结传统手工晕渲经验和方法的基础上，深入分析了计算机地貌晕渲的原理，着重研究了坡度和坡向对地貌晕渲中阴影强弱和明暗程度的影响，提出了变比例调整高程和晕渲笔调调整两种方法。实验表明，利用本文方法能有效改善地貌晕渲图的三维立体视觉效果。     

鹦鹉嘴龙类皮肤印痕化石的发现及其意义

本文报道的辽宁西部北票市四合屯地区鹦鹉嘴龙类的皮肤鳞片化石,是迄今鹦鹉嘴龙类皮肤印痕的确切报道。该恐龙皮肤表面覆盖着小的鳞片,这些鳞片呈多边形,镶嵌式排列,其形态及大小在不同的部位略有变化。这类小型恐龙最早出现的时代为晚侏罗世晚期,早白垩世是其繁盛时期。