全景图增强地理现实的空间认知问题

基于全景图的增强地理现实平台是一种新的空间认知工具,研究其空间认知问题是进行技术研究的基础。文中介绍全景图增强地理现实的主要技术流程和优势;阐述基于全景图增强地理现实进行空间认知的基础模型;分析全景图和地理信息数据的信息匹配问题,包括比例尺和位置匹配两个方面;介绍地理信息在全景图像上的表达方式,重点解决增强目标和属性信息的选择问题;最后通过与街景地图、虚拟现实平台进行空间认知比较,得出全景图增强地理现实平台的有效性和主要适用范围,表明该平台具有独特的空间认知优势。     

脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)维甲酸X受体基因克隆及其在温盐胁迫和蜕皮周期中的表达分析

为了明确脊尾白虾维甲酸X受体基因在环境胁迫和蜕皮周期中的作用,本研究通过RACE技术克隆了脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)维甲酸X受体c DNA全长,命名为Ec RXR基因,该c DNA序列全长为1323 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为855 bp,编码一个284个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,分子量为30.918 k Da,理论等电点为PI为6.788;Ec RXR基因推导氨基酸序列经Blastp在线比对分析显示,Ec RXR与已知甲壳动物RXR的同源性为71%—90%;系统进化树分析结果显示,脊尾白虾Ec RXR的氨基酸序列与日本沼虾RXR的氨基酸序列聚为一支。荧光定量RT-PCR分析表明,Ec RXR基因在各组织中均有表达,而在眼柄相对表达量较高,血淋巴中最低。Ec RXR基因在蜕皮周期中的表达规律表明,Ec RXR基因表达在不同蜕皮时期存在明显变化,在眼柄、肝胰腺、胃和肠中整体呈现上升趋势,在鳃中呈现先下降后上升的趋势,在表皮中呈现逐渐降低的趋势。Ec RXR基因在温度、盐度胁迫过程中的表达规律分析结果发现,温度、盐度胁迫均可显著改变Ec RXR基因在鳃和肝胰腺中的表达模式,温度胁迫下Ec RXR基因在鳃中呈先上升后下降的表达趋势,肝胰腺中整体呈先上升后下降再上升再下降的表达趋势;盐度对鳃和肝胰腺的调控模式相同,均呈先升高后下降的变化趋势。本研究结果表明Ec RXR基因在脊尾白虾蜕皮发育、酶活性调控及渗透压调节中发挥重要作用,为深入研究甲壳动物维甲酸X受体基因的功能提供了重要的基础信息。     

Observer presence may alter the behaviour of reef fishes associated with coral colonies

Although underwater visual census (UVC) is the most frequently used technique for quantifying reef fish assemblages, remote video analysis has been gaining attention as a potential alternative. In the South Atlantic Ocean, Millepora spp. (class Hydrozoa) are the only branching coral species; however, little is known about the ecological role that they play for reef fish communities. We compared these two observation methods (remote video and UVC) to estimate reef fish abundance and species richness associated with colonies of the fire‐coral Millepora alcicornis at Tamandaré Reefs, Northeast Brazil. Additionally, the two different techniques were used to compare species behaviour in association with fire‐corals in order to examine the biases associated with each technique and provide useful information for behavioural ecologists studying fish–coral associations. There were no differences in reef fish abundance or species richness sampled by remote video or UVC. However, a significant difference in the behaviour of associated fish was recorded between the two methods. In the presence of a diver carrying out a UVC, fish were observed spending more time sheltered amongst the coral branches compared with passively swimming on coral colonies with the remote video technique. Specifically, on the remote video recordings agonistic interactions between fish and passive swimming accounted for 33.3% and 22.2% of the census time, respectively. By comparison, when observed by a diver fish spent 34.8% of their time sheltering amongst the coral branches. We demonstrate that both techniques are similarly effective for recording fish abundance and species richness associated with fire‐corals. However, differences were observed in the ability of each method to detect the behaviour of coral‐associated fishes. Our findings show that behavioural ecologists studying complex fish–coral associations need to ensure that their aims are clearly defined and that they choose the most appropriate technique for their study in order to minimize methodological biases.     

日本囊对虾Marsupenaeus japonicus)组织蛋白酶D基因克隆及表达分析

组织蛋白酶D是溶酶体天冬氨酸蛋白酶家族的主要成员,广泛参与动物机体细胞内蛋白质的降解过程,对维持细胞稳态和正常代谢具有重要的作用。为研究组织蛋白酶D在甲壳动物非特异性免疫和幼体发育过程中的作用,本研究采用RACE技术首次克隆得到日本囊对虾组织蛋白酶D基因cDNA序列,命名为MjCatD,其中开放阅读框长为1161 bp,编码386个氨基酸残基。序列分析和同源建模显示该基因编码的蛋白含有保守的N-糖基化位点、天冬氨酸蛋白酶签名序列、酶活化位点和非消化性组织蛋白酶D的特征序列,并且呈保守的双叶形结构。同源性比较和系统进化分析发现,MjCatD与斑节对虾、美洲螯龙虾和脊尾白虾相似性较高,并且与它们紧密聚为一支。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,MjCatD基因在日本囊对虾多个组织中均有表达,其中肝胰腺中表达量最高。在白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)感染后3～24 h日本囊对虾肝胰腺中MjCatD的表达量逐渐下降,而在48 h急剧上调至最高表达量并且与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01)。此外,MjCatD基因在幼体发育不同阶段中也表现出明显的变化趋势。以上研究表明,MjCatD基因可能参与日本囊对虾先天免疫反应和幼体发育过程。     

Measured and perceived visual complexity: a comparative study among three online map providers

We present a study on human perception of map complexity, with the objective of better understanding design decisions that may lead to undesirable levels of complexity in web maps. We compare three complexity metrics to human ratings of complexity obtained through a user survey. Specifically, we use two algorithmic approaches published by others, which measure feature congestion (FC) and subband entropy (SE), as well as our own approach of counting object types rather than individual objects. We compare these metrics with each other as well as with human complexity ratings for three maps of the same area from map providers Google Maps, Bing Maps, and OpenStreetMap. Each map design is assessed at three different scales (levels of detail). We find that (1) the FC and SE metrics appear to be adequate predictors of what humans consider complex; (2) object-type counts are slightly less successful at predicting human-rated complexity, implying that clutter is more important in perceived complexity than diversity of symbology; and (3) generalization choices do impact human complexity ratings. These findings contribute to our understanding of what makes a map complex, with implications for designing maps that are easy to use.     

新公式计算岩层真厚度的Excel算法

使用软件1,将岩层序号、导线的方位和倾角、岩层的倾向、倾角和两层面切割导线处的读数分别输入A、F、G、H、I、J、K列,先后分别沿M、N列从第2行单元格开始拖动鼠标,岩层真厚度数据和累积厚度即刻计算出来,进一步可计岩组或岩性段的真厚度;将导线的序号、方位、倾角、长度分别输入W、X、Y、Z列,先后分别沿AB、AC、AD、AE、AF、AG、AH列,从第2行单元格开始拖动鼠标,导线的水平投影长度、纵座标增量及其累积值、横座标增量及其累积值、高程增量及其累积值即刻计算出来。使用软件2,在输入原始数据的同时,结果便计算出来。     

溶藻弧菌asp基因在大肠杆菌中表达活性研究及条件优化

为进一步研究溶藻弧菌碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶(ASP)蛋白生物学活性和功能,将构建的pET23d-asp在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达,对表达产物进行纯化分析,并优化表达条件。结果表明:在咪唑洗脱缓冲液浓度为100 mmol/L时,表达的可溶性ASP被大量洗脱,纯化的ASP相对分子质量约为42 000,具有蛋白活性;在诱导温度28℃、异丙基-β-D硫代半乳糖苷(Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside,IPTG)浓度1 mmol/L及诱导时间16 h时,表达的活性ASP蛋白最多。     

海洋微塑料检测技术研究进展

海洋微塑料污染目前已成为全球性的环境问题,近年来海洋微塑料检测技术越来越受到人们的关注。本文简要总结了微塑料样品采集及处理方法,并从检测方法的角度系统综述了近些年来微塑料检测技术的研究进展,涉及目视分析法、光谱法(如傅立叶变换红外光谱法和拉曼光谱法)、热分析法以及其他分析方法等(如质谱法以及扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪联用法)。本文简要评价了各类检测方法的优缺点,以期为海洋微塑料检测技术的发展提供参考,并探讨了未来海洋微塑料检测技术的发展方向。     

等面积纬度和等量纬度间的直接变换

为了便于实现等面积方位投影与椭球等角圆柱或圆锥投影之间的变换,借助具有强大符号运算功能的计算机代数系统Mathematica,推导出了等面积纬度和等量纬度之间变换的直接表达式,进一步将表达式改进为适合电算的形式,并将其系数统一表示为关于椭球偏心率e和椭球第三扁率n的幂级数形式。通过算例分析表明:基于第三扁率n的幂级数表达式具有更紧凑的形式和更好的收敛性,且导出公式的计算误差分别小于10^-8和10^-8″,可以满足大地测量和地图制图计算精度要求。     

急性高温胁迫对虹鳟二倍体和三倍体幼鱼hsps基因表达的影响

本文以二倍体和三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼为实验对象,探究急性高温胁迫下,不同倍性虹鳟热休克蛋白家族(hsps)基因表达水平。选取二倍体和三倍体虹鳟幼鱼,分别进行常温处理(14℃)和高温胁迫(22℃),并在高温胁迫48h后,将虹鳟置于常温(14℃)恢复48h。分别在实验开始的0,12,24,48,72和96h进行取样,测定实验虹鳟肝脏和肌肉组织中的hsp70s(hsp70a,hsp70b),hsp90s (hsp90a1a,hsp90a2a,hsp90a1b,hsp90a2a,hsp90b1,hsp90b2)mRNA水平。结果表明:hsp70s和hsp90s的各个亚型均能对热胁迫做出反应,并具有应答幅度的组织特异性和时间特异性。在胁迫6和24h后,上述基因mRNA水平达到最高,随后降低。三倍体幼鱼肝脏和肌肉hsps mRNA表达水平的峰值显著高于二倍体幼鱼。研究结果显示,三倍体虹鳟对高温环境更为敏感,需要消耗更多的能量用于适应高温环境。