行动者网络理论与农村空间商品化——以北京市麻峪房村乡村旅游为例

乡村旅游作为农村空间商品化的表现形式之一,在增加农民收入、阻止农村衰退、振兴农村经济方面发挥着重要作用。为此本文以北京市昌平区麻峪房村的乡村旅游为例,借助行动者网络理论分析农村空间商品化的形成与演变,并讨论农户在此过程中的参与。麻峪房村在从农民生活空间转变为城市居民消费空间的过程中,形成了以区旅游局、乡旅游公司为关键行动者,并吸纳了多个人类和非人类行动者所构成的行动者网络。在网络形成的过程中农户参与乡村旅游的程度逐渐提高,由此推动了麻峪房村农村空间商品化的发展。麻峪房村演变为城市居民消费空间后,由于行动者网络发生变化使农村空间商品化发生变化,导致麻峪房村农村空间商品化程度降低。同时新的行动者网络中的各行动者的不对等性明显,各行动者之间存在很多异议,使该网络趋于僵化、丧失活力,不足以支撑麻峪房村乡村旅游继续发展。在麻峪房村农村空间商品化的形成过程中,农户的院落区位、年龄与原有工作等对农户参与乡村旅游的意愿产生不同的影响。当农村地区行动者网络中的关键行动者与行动者利益共通且紧密联系时,其空间商品化就得到强化,反之亦然。     

Factors Influencing the Development of Rangeland Fire Protection Associations: Exploring Fire Mitigation Programs for Rural,Resource-Based Communities

Increases in wildfire frequency and extent in rangelands pose a growing threat to private property and ecosystem health. The state of Idaho, USA, recently promoted rangeland fire protection associations (RFPAs)—nonprofit organizations of local citizens who contribute to firefighting efforts on public rangelands—as one way to mitigate rangeland wildfire risk. This study used in-depth interviews with RFPA members and land management professionals to explore the local circumstances that influenced the establishment and functioning of one RFPA. Results indicate that intergenerational ties to “working the land,” existing reciprocity among neighbors, a culture of self-reliance, and informal social networks all contributed to RFPA formation and functioning. Interaction between RFPA members and professionals improved their relationships and promoted shared understandings about wildfire response. We conclude by discussing conditions that might enable or inhibit RFPAs in other areas and how our findings advance research on adapting mitigation programs to local context.     

From Wetland to Saltland: Natural Obstacles and Socioecological Consequences in the Production of Solar Salt in Venezuela

ABSTRACT

This article provides a critical analysis of the process involved in transforming small-scale artisanal production of solar salt into large-scale industrial production by Produsal in Los Olivitos Wildlife Refuge and Fishing Reserve in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. In doing so, it highlights the socioecological impacts resulting from this process in the wetland and the fishing community of Ancón de Iturre. Using political economy of nature as a theoretical framework, especially notions of the formal subsumption of nature, materiality of natural resources, and the commodification of nature, this article explores how the biophysical characteristic of salt and the ecosystem where it is contained present a specific set of natural obstacles for its production; the different strategies used by Produsal to overcome these obstacles; and the social and ecological contradictions embedded in the process.     

美丽乡村地理信息系统的设计与实现

为推动城乡一体化建设,以信息化带动城乡统筹,提升美丽乡村建设品质,在数字城市地理空间框架建设项目的推动下,结合新农村建设测绘保障服务和美丽乡村建设计划,利用地理信息资源和技术,开展美丽乡村地理信息系统建设,以提升美丽乡村建设的信息化水平,促进地理信息资源的深层次应用,推动城乡一体化发展。     

Remoteness and remote places. A geographic perspective

Remoteness is a complex notion. A remote place implies a distant site with reference to where the one person positing such a qualification is located. However, it would be difficult to indicate how distant or how far a place would be, in order for it to be labeled as remote. The goal of this article is to contribute to the understanding of two components of remoteness: the absolute and the relative dimensions, and to shed light on the framing of remoteness. The premise is that the very notion of remoteness has not disappeared but is continually receiving new meanings. Remoteness has been redefined, re-signified and relocated in our minds and practices.     

多民族共生村落农户居住空间“耦合魔方”研究

以洱源县郑家庄为例,运用“3S+PRA”与“耦合魔方”隐喻类比相结合的方法,对多民族共生村落农户居住空间多层次时空耦合特征演变机制进行分析。得出以下结果：①空间维度上,农户居住空间近程耦合逐渐趋向远程耦合,扩张调整适应“人-地”关系的改变,由分散、无序逐步形成集中、有序两横两纵的“井”字型分布格局;②时间维度上,农户居住空间以原驻民族远期耦合转变为原驻与外迁民族相互嵌套的远、近期耦合共存模式,依靠交通道路向四周延伸,各民族交叉式混居现象明显,扩张速度不断加快;③组织维度上,郑家庄以汉、白两族组内耦合向多民族组间耦合特征转变,居住空间在血缘组织关系“小聚居”的基础上形成以地缘和业缘组织关系为主的多民族“互嵌-共生”的分布格局;④表象维度上,农户居住空间演变以显性耦合逐渐趋向显、隐性耦合相互协调模式,要素间和子系统间直接或间接流动的“互嵌-共生”分布格局明显。可知,农户居住空间演变呈现与当地环境相协调的一致性,是在时间、空间、组织和表象上相互影响、相互交融的耦合过程,当环境改变时,农户居住空间也会做出一致性的变化。     

基于GIS的县级耕地开发整理潜力分析及评价--以浙江省仙居县为例

土地整理是我国实现耕地总量动态平衡的根本出路，但目前开发整理潜力的估算在我国尚属空白。该文结合浙江省仙居县后备资源调查工作的成果，在GIS的支持下，分析全县的耕地农居点和后备资源情况，以及估算开发整理潜力，为土地利用总体规划和耕地开发整理专项规划奠定了基础。     

徽州村落人居环境特征的初步研究

村落是我国广泛存在的一种人居环境类型。徽州由于受特殊的自然、社会条件和历史发展的影响，村落层面上的人居环境表现出与其它地域显著不同的特征，文章以徽州古村落为对象，对其选址、空间特征、形成机制及存在的合理性进行分析，旨在为徽州文化研究、现代人居环境建设的健康发展和古村落开发利用提供有益参考。     

Eignen sich Fallen zur repräsentativen Erfassung aquatischer Meiofauna im hyporheischen Interstitial und im Grundwasser?

In the sediments of a southwestern German headwater, pumping and two types of unbaited traps were compared with respect to their suitability for the sampling of interstitial meiofauna. The aim of the study was to discover whether the type-2 trap, having been developed for universal use, could be utilised in the hyporheic zone, as well as in groundwater. Trap samples demonstrate both greater abundance and taxonomic richness than those samples obtained by pumping, though very few differences could be detected between the two types of trap. The taxonomic composition, however, was found to be very similar for all three sampling methods. Other researchers also observed a high similarity of stygofaunal communities between pumped groundwater and the water of the bores, which act as traps. This would imply that not only do trap samples as well or better reflect community structure of the surrounding sediment than does pumping, but also that the type-2 trap is, indeed, suitable for the sampling of meiofauna in both the hyporheic zone and in groundwater.     

基于GIS的城镇近郊区空心化村庄信息系统的设计与实践

城镇近郊区的一些村庄受城镇经济发展与工作政策等因素的影响,逐渐变成了空心村。开发空心化村庄信息系统是保障村庄信息查询与统计分析工作的科学性、高效性运行的重要技术手段。本系统基于ArcGIS Engine与.NET平台技术,使用C/S服务器与客户端模式,利用C#语言编程实现。该系统在建立综合数据库的基础上,实现了村庄信息数据的更新与管理;根据用户需求,提供查询统计、空间分析、潜力评估、趋势预测4个模块。