京津冀地区中α尺度飑线过程中大风特征分析及成因初探

应用常规天气观测资料、地面加密自动气象站资料、大风灾情报资料、京津冀地区7部多普勒天气雷达组网观测资料及VDRAS资料,从多个角度对2013年8月4日京津冀地区一次飑线过程产生的大范围大风天气过程进行了分析,结果显示:此次过程是在高空冷空气南下、低层暖湿气流北上、系统前倾及位势不稳定的有利层结条件下,由多单体风暴演变为中α尺度的强飑线所致。飑线形成于低层垂直切变加强、冷池合并之后;大风主要发生在飑线主体回波中,其次是主体回波前和中前,主体回波后很少发生。大风发生的位置取决于飑线结构中气流的性质,气流的性质与冷池前进的程度和对流的强度关系密切。大风大部分由下沉冷气流产生,少数为近地面上升暖气流导致。大风发生的范围和强度与低层风垂直切变的强度呈正比,大范围低层风垂直切变的加强增强了飑线入流和出流的强度,是大范围大风、局部强风形成的重要原因。大风发生站次与冷池的强度和范围密切相关,冷池的加强和范围的扩大加强了后侧冷入流和前侧暖入流的强度和范围,也是大范围大风形成的重要因素。     

Statistics-based Optimization of the Polarimetric Radar Hydrometeor Classification Algorithm and Its Application for a Squall Line in South China

A modified hydrometeor classification algorithm(HCA) is developed in this study for Chinese polarimetric radars. This algorithm is based on the U.S. operational HCA. Meanwhile, the methodology of statistics-based optimization is proposed including calibration checking, datasets selection, membership functions modification, computation thresholds modification,and effect verification. Zhuhai radar, the first operational polarimetric radar in South China, applies these procedures. The systematic bias of calibration is corrected, the reliability of radar measurements deteriorates when the signal-to-noise ratio is low, and correlation coefficient within the melting layer is usually lower than that of the U.S. WSR-88D radar. Through modification based on statistical analysis of polarimetric variables, the localized HCA especially for Zhuhai is obtained,and it performs well over a one-month test through comparison with sounding and surface observations. The algorithm is then utilized for analysis of a squall line process on 11 May 2014 and is found to provide reasonable details with respect to horizontal and vertical structures, and the HCA results—especially in the mixed rain–hail region—can reflect the life cycle of the squall line. In addition, the kinematic and microphysical processes of cloud evolution and the differences between radardetected hail and surface observations are also analyzed. The results of this study provide evidence for the improvement of this HCA developed specifically for China.     

基于感兴趣区域在区域层面上决策的SAR图像变化检测的方法研究

在现有的变化检测方法中,针对差分图像的方法得到了广泛的应用,但现有该框架下的技术都在在像素层面上决策产生的变化检测结果,这易使结果中存在诸如有噪声般散落的杂点、连通区域内有孔洞及边缘不平滑等缺陷。为此,本文给出一种在区域层面上决策生成变化检测结果的技术,其核心为抽取并处理感兴趣区域,而关键在于获取合适的抽取感兴趣区域的标签和如何在区域层面上生成变化检测结果。为使抽取的感兴趣区域包含几乎所有的变化类信息,我们用平稳小波变换和模糊C-均值(Fuzzy C-Means, FCM)算法分两步获取抽取感兴趣区域的标签;为在区域层面上生成变化检测结果,我们依据标签搜索感兴趣区域内所有的连通区域,并把每个连通区域看作为一个数据点,再由阈值技术处理这些数据点生成最终的变化检测结果。对真实SAR图像数据集的变化检测结果表明,其主观效果和客观性能都优于其他相关技术的。     

多普勒天气雷达资料对中尺度模式短时预报的影响

利用中尺度模式ARPS(The Advanced Regional Prediction System)及其资料分析系统ADAS(ARPS Data Analysis System),将国内新一代多普勒雷达(CINRAD)反射率及径向风资料直接用于中尺度数值模拟,通过一次华北地区暴雨过程的模拟对比试验,分析了雷达资料对初始场的改进效果及其对模拟结果的影响,结果表明:(1)利用雷达径向风资料对初始风场进行调整后,自近地面到对流层顶的u,v,w都发生了变化,调整后的初始风场在对流层中层变化最大.(2)利用雷达反射率进行微物理调整和云分析能调整初始场中的云水信息,使得雷达回波附近3 km以下的水汽混合比(qv)增加,4 km以下的雨水混合比(qr)增加,对流层(约10 km以下)的云水混合比(qc)增加,4～9 km的对流层上部云冰混合比(qi)和雪混合比(qs)增加.ADAS通过非绝热初始化调整温度场,从而得到了一个动力和热力上平衡的初始场.(3)模拟的1 h雨量与实况的对比表明,同时利用雷达反射率和径向风改进过的初始场能明显增强3 h内的降水强度和落区预报,改善中尺度数值模式短时定量降水预报.模拟的1 h流场对比分析表明,经雷达径向风调整后,能够在初始场中增加气旋性涡旋等中小尺度风信息,明显减少模式的spin-up时间.(4)通过对雷达径向风和反射率对模式初始场和模拟结果影响的对比分析发现,雷达径向风主要是改进初始风场,而雷达反射率主要是改进初始场中的湿度参数,增加初始场中云水等的含量,调整温度场.通过模拟的6 h降水对比发现,利用雷达径向风调整初始场后,对降水模拟有一定的改进,但效果不甚明显,而雷达反射率资料对定量降水预报改进效果明显,同时使用雷达径向风和反射率资料改进初始场后对降水的模拟效果最明显.     

独立分量分析在探地雷达信号处理中的应用初探

针对探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar,GPR)信号信噪比低、背景杂波强,事先对探测目标的信息所知甚少,近乎处于“盲”状态,因而实际处理难度大等实际问题,提出了将独立分量分析(In-dependent Component Analysis,ICA)这种盲信号处理技术应用于GPR信号处理,并利用ICA中的Fast-ICA算法,对ICA法在GPR信号处理中的应用进行了初步探索,实现了GPR信号中弱目标信号和强背景杂波的有效分离,并初步解决了对所分离目标信号的正确排序,以及由ICA方法本身带来的所分离目标独立分量信号符号的不确定性等问题,使GPR信号信噪比大幅提高,从而使GPR的目标检测性能也得以显著改善。在对诸如地雷、地下管线等局部目标的时域有限差分法(Finite-dif-ference Time-domain,FDTD)、仿真GPR数据和室外试验观测GPR数据进行ICA处理后,都取得了理想的结果。     

CINRAD/SB雷达回波强度定标调校方法

回波强度定标和调校方法是保障CINRAD/SB回波强度测量精度的关键技术,方法不当会导致回波强度测量误差增大,直接影响雷达定量估测降水产品的可靠性。为了满足回波强度测量误差在±1 dBZ范围内的技术要求,根据雷达气象方程,通过对CINRAD/SB接收机测试通道、主通道、天馈系统相关影响回波强度测量误差的因素进行分析,提出了从接收机动态范围和雷达参数调整、线性通道增益定标目标常数定标,到测试通道参数调整的回波强度定标工作流程。总结出以线性通道增益定标目标常数定标为基准,采用测试通道参数测量法或基准法调校,以保证发射功率和接收机动态范围变化导致的回波强度测量误差得到在线实时校正,提高了CINRAD/SB回波强度测量精度。从接收机测试通道、主通道、天馈系统及发射功率4个方面,给出了回波异常的分析和诊断流程。并提出在接收机保护器前端增加机外信号注入口和定标信号功率检测功能,以利于机内外回波强度定标对比校准和消除测试通道参数变化导致回波强度测量误差的建议。     

Seismic design and testing of the bottom vertical boundary elements in steel plate shear walls. Part 1: design methodology

This research investigates the seismic design method and the cyclic inelastic behavior of the bottom column, also called the vertical boundary element (VBE), in steel plate shear walls (SPSWs). This study consists of two parts. This Part 1 paper discusses the anticipated pushover responses for properly designed SPSWs and the possible inelastic responses of the bottom VBE at various levels of inter‐story drift. Considering both the tension field action of the infill panel and the sway action of the boundary frame, this study develops a simplified method to compute the flexural and shear demands in the bottom VBE. Based on the superposition method, this approach considers various plastic hinge forming locations at different levels of inter‐story drift. One of the key performance‐based design objectives is to ensure that the top ends of the bottom VBEs remain elastic when the SPSWs are subjected to the maximum considered earthquake. This paper presents the comprehensive design procedures for the bottom VBE. Furthermore, this study conducted cyclic performance evaluation tests of three full‐scale two‐story SPSWs at the Taiwan National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering in 2011 to validate the effectiveness of the proposed design methods. The experimental program, cyclic inelastic responses of the SPSWs and bottom VBEs, and numerical simulations are presented in Part 2. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of the 3D correlation structure of an alluvial aquifer from surface-based multi-frequency ground-penetrating radar reflection data

Knowledge about the stochastic nature of heterogeneity in subsurface hydraulic properties is critical for aquifer characterization and the corresponding prediction of groundwater flow and contaminant transport. Whereas the vertical correlation structure of the heterogeneity is often well constrained by borehole information, the lateral correlation structure is generally unknown because the spacing between boreholes is too large to allow for its meaningful inference. There is, however, evidence to suggest that information on the lateral correlation structure may be extracted from the correlation statistics of the subsurface reflectivity structure imaged by surface-based ground-penetrating radar measurements. To date, case studies involving this approach have been limited to 2D profiles acquired at a single antenna centre frequency in areas with limited complementary information. As a result, the practical reliability of this methodology has been difficult to assess. Here, we extend previous work to 3D and consider reflection ground-penetrating radar data acquired using two antenna centre frequencies at the extensively explored and well-constrained Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site. We find that the results obtained using the two ground-penetrating radar frequencies are consistent with each other, as well as with information from a number of other studies at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site. In addition, contrary to previous 2D work, our results indicate that the surface-based reflection ground-penetrating radar data are not only sensitive to the aspect ratio of the underlying heterogeneity, but also, albeit to a lesser extent, to the so-called Hurst number, which is a key parameter characterizing the local variability of the fine-scale structure.     

Verification and Correction of Cloud Base and Top Height Retrievals from Ka–band Cloud Radar in Boseong,Korea

In this study,cloud base height(CBH) and cloud top height(CTH) observed by the Ka-band(33.44 GHz) cloud radar at the Boseong National Center for Intensive Observation of Severe Weather during fall 2013(September-November) were verified and corrected.For comparative verification,CBH and CTH were obtained using a ceilometer(CL51) and the Communication,Ocean and Meteorological Satellite(COMS).During rainfall,the CBH and CTH observed by the cloud radar were lower than observed by the ceilometer and COMS because of signal attenuation due to raindrops,and this difference increased with rainfall intensity.During dry periods,however,the CBH and CTH observed by the cloud radar,ceilometer,and COMS were similar.Thin and low-density clouds were observed more effectively by the cloud radar compared with the ceilometer and COMS.In cases of rainfall or missing cloud radar data,the ceilometer and COMS data were proven effective in correcting or compensating the cloud radar data.These corrected cloud data were used to classify cloud types,which revealed that low clouds occurred most frequently.