岷县—漳县6.6级地震极震区场地覆盖层厚度探测及三维地形模型建立

2013年7月22日岷县漳县MS6.6地震的震后科学考察发现,极震区局部场地覆盖层厚度和地形条件对地震动有明显放大效应。利用伺服速度地震仪对此次地震极震区场地进行高密度地脉动观测,获得该区不同场地的卓越频率,运用频谱分析法得到该区场地覆盖层厚度分布。基于在该区进行的无人机航飞遥测,获取地形地貌数据,通过制作表层和基岩层DEM数据,由Rhino进一步处理生成地形模型,实现真实地形在通用有限元软件中的三维模型的建立。     

轻小型无人机在房屋建筑结构类型调查中的应用

房屋建筑结构数据是了解房屋抗震设防能力的基础,获取房屋建筑结构信息具有重要的现实意义。本文在简单介绍无人机遥感系统、房屋建筑信息无人机遥感调查技术流程的基础上,以全国多地多架次飞行任务为应用实例,对无人机照片进行筛选、姿态匹配、照片拼接、纹理映射等处理,获取了房屋建筑密集区的正射镶嵌图和三维场景模型,然后对房屋建筑结构类型进行目视判读,并与地面调查的真实结果比对分析,计算得到目视判读的准确率为91.17%,Kappa系数为0.80。结果表明,轻小型无人机轻便灵活,获取的三维场景模型能有效、直观、准确地进行房屋建筑结构类型判定,可弥补传统实地调查的不足,为评估大范围建筑物的抗震能力提供重要的参考依据。     

THE EXTRACTION OF HOUSE DISTRIBUTION BASED ON PHOTOGRAMMETRY METHOD:TAKING THE COUNTRYSIDE IN THE WEST OF CHINA FOR EXAMPLE

The key parameters of houses such as distribution, area and height play an important role for urban-rural planning, earthquake emergency and disaster mitigation. The computer automatic extraction method is an effective way to acquire large area house information using satellite-borne or airborne optical remote-sensing images. However, because of the similarity of spectral characters for different land cover types or the influence of snow coverage, the classification accuracy of house type using traditional spectral based method can be decreased. To acquire the accurate houses distribution, a method based on the height information is proposed using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)in this study. With UAV flying at the height of 100m above ground, the route of the UVA was planned with the heading direction overlap of 77% and side direction overlap of 50%for the nearby pictures. Taking Qionghalajun Village in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for example, 69 pictures of the study area were obtained with DJI Phantom 3 professional. With those pictures input into the EasyUAV software, the Digital Elevation Model(DEM), Digital Surface Model(DSM), and Digital Orthophoto Map(DOM)were acquired based on photogrammetry method using the overlapped optical remote-sensing images of UAV. After that, the house distribution and height were acquired with the differences between DSM and DEM images larger than 2.6m. To eliminate the influences of disintegrated pixels on the house extraction, mainly caused by the trees or noise point, the classification aggregation tool of ENVI software was used with the disintegrated pixels' area less than 4m². Compared with visual interpretation result, the user accuracy and mapping accuracy of the house extraction method proposed in this study is 88.69% and 97.42%, respectively. In addition, to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the result of traditional supervised classification method using DOM data acquired previously was compared with the result of new method. The results show that the new method is more accurate the user accuracy and mapping accuracy of the supervised classification method, which is 43.23% and 85.30%, respectively. Besides the study area in this study, the performance of the proposed method will be evaluated at the other places in the further study.     

Moisture source diagnostics and isotope characteristics for precipitation in east Hungary: implications for their relationship

Knowledge relating to the relationship between the characteristics of precipitation and sources of moisture is essential to improve our understanding of the global water cycle. This study presents the first quantitative estimation of the moisture source regions combined with stable isotope analyses for precipitation at K-puszta, east Hungary. The contributions of the following moisture sources were diagnosed according to the sector analysis of 4-day backward trajectories together with the calculation of evaporation and precipitation fluxes based on the specific humidity: Mediterranean region (57.0%), local moisture (14.8%), Atlantic region (14.2%), Northern Europe (7.4%) and Eastern Europe (6.6%). The δD and δ¹⁸O values of daily precipitation were measured and the deuterium excess (d-excess) was calculated. The d-excess showed systematic differences among the marine sources, reflecting the characteristics of the moisture source area. The results suggest that the stable isotope composition of precipitation preserves information regarding the origin of the water vapour.     

基于主应力迹线分层的挡墙被动土压力分析方法

为了探讨墙背倾斜与粗糙程度对挡墙被动土压力的影响,首先,结合被动状态下受挡墙墙背和滑动面摩擦影响的滑动土楔内主应力传递特点,采用圆弧形主应力迹线描述滑动土楔中最大主应力传递规律,并提出了最大主应力迹线几何参数的确定方法;然后,采用沿最大主应力迹线的分层方法将挡墙后滑动土楔划分为若干圆弧形曲线薄层单元,并通过该薄层单元受力分析,依据其静力平衡条件建立了挡墙被动土压力分析新方法。该方法不仅可反映墙土摩擦和墙背倾斜程度对被动土压力的影响,而且有效避免了目前土压力分析方法研究中普遍采用的直线薄层单元难以准确考虑复杂的单元实际受力情况的问题,从理论上确保了新提出的挡墙被动土压力分析方法更具合理性;最后,通过试验、现有同类方法及所提方法分析曲线的对比,表明了新方法的合理性与优越性。就墙背倾斜与粗糙程度对挡墙被动土压力分布及合力作用点高度的影响规律也进行了探讨。     

基于倾斜摄影的三维测图技术研究

近年来,随着无人机技术、机载定位技术、图像处理技术的快速发展,倾斜摄影测量技术已广泛应用于1：1000大比例尺地形图测绘中。但由于各项技术限制,普通的无人机航空摄影测量难以满足1：500大比例尺地形图测图。因此,本文以倾斜摄影测量技术为基础,从像控密度、模型分辨率、测图方式3方面展开研究,提出了一种适用于城镇1：500大比例尺地形图的倾斜测图方法。试验结果表明,文成县大比例尺地形图的成果平面精度可达0.059 m,高程精度可达0.064 m,精度情况良好,对以后采取此种方法进行测绘具有一定的借鉴作用。     

利用车载LiDAR点云数据提取城市道路规则多边形

随着自动驾驶高精地图的发展,准确高效地提取道路规则多边形成为必要。本文以苏州市某城市快速路为研究对象,通过使用徕卡车载激光移动测量系统获得城市道路点云数据,观察了解车载点云数据各类属性信息,根据观察结果组合利用点云数据高差、点云灰度差值、点云强度差值,在此基础上再利用网格密度法实现道路规则多边形的提取,然后通过对目标的矢量化得到三维矢量规则多边形。最后对提取的矢量化结果进行精度评定。试验结果表明：该方法在提取道路规则多边形方面能得到较好的结果且能满足高精地图需求。     

针对无人机倾斜摄影数据的不同处理软件空三加密

以山西省右玉县杀虎口古长城为例,采用Trimble UX5 HP搭载Sony A7r相机完成数据采集,利用Context Capture软件和PhotoMesh软件进行三维重建,并利用Geomagics软件对三维模型进行精细处理,比较两种软件的空三精度,得出Context Capture软件的空三精度更高。同时利用外业实测检查点对模型进行精度计算,得到Context Capture软件的模型精度,其点位中误差为0.192 m,表明这种方法可以满足实景三维建立模型的要求,为智慧城市的建设提供了强有力的数据保障。     

北京市出租车GPS轨迹数据统计特征分析

以2015年5月11-17日北京市3万多辆出租车3.85亿条轨迹点数据为研究对象,对非载客段数据点进行剔除,使用R语言从居民出行距离、轨迹段持续时间、分时段出行量、出行方向及平均速度五个角度进行统计特征分析,并通过拟合得到浮动车行驶距离与持续时长所遵循的指数分布,进而发现距离衰减效应、工作日与周末的日律性,并以此分析乘客出行距离、出行时间的潜在规律。     

无人机近景摄影支持下的古建筑三维建模

三维建模已经广泛应用于文物保护、工程测量、城市服务、应急救灾、林业保护等多个方面。本文结合实际工程经验,对多旋翼无人机近景摄影的古建筑物三维建模进行了研究,提出了一种自主飞行结合手动多高度、多角度拍照的古建筑三维建模方法,并通过多个试验场景,验证了三维模型的精度和质量。同时,引入地面布设的控制点,利用空中三角测量及密集匹配技术,进而获得古建筑上各个特征点的三维坐标,为近景摄影测量在古建筑物变形监测方面的研究提供了新的思路。