海上溢油粒子追踪预测模型中的两种数值方法比较

在海上溢油粒子追踪预测模型中,关键的是对拉格朗日微分方程的求解。本文首先通过数值实验比较了欧拉法和龙格-库塔法求解拉格朗日溢油轨迹微分方程的优劣,然后将其应用到2005年4月3日发生在大连附近的“ARTEAGA”油轮溢油事故的油膜粒子追踪模型中。数值实验和应用结果表明,在近岸不均匀流场下,用龙格-库塔方法解拉格朗日油粒子微分方程比用欧拉法求解精度高,用龙格-库塔方法模拟“ARTEAGA”油轮轨迹及其扩散范围与实际观测更为接近,而用欧拉法模拟溢油扩散的面积偏大。     

基于大规模手机位置数据的城市潜在自行车出行需求评估

潜在自行车出行是指可能会使用自行车作为交通工具的出行,评估潜在自行车出行需求能够帮助指导城市自行车资源配置方案的优化。大规模手机位置数据蕴含丰富的人群移动信息,而且具有大样本、低成本的特点,能够用于评估城市潜在自行车出行需求。本文结合自行车出行的时间和距离特征,提出一种基于大规模手机位置数据的潜在自行车出行需求评估方法。该方法以单次出行为分析单元,从手机用户的轨迹中提取出具有短距离出行特征和公共交通接驳出行特征的移动轨迹段,并根据该移动轨迹段评估潜在自行车出行需求。基于该方法,利用上海市大规模手机位置数据评估上海市潜在自行车出行需求并分析其时空分布特征,发现在空间上,潜在自行车短距离出行需求主要分布在城市中心和郊区的商业中心,而公共交通接驳的自行车需求主要分布在郊区。在时间上,上午,自行车出行需求从非中心城区向中心城区聚拢;晚上,上海市自行车出行骑车与停车需求从中心城区向非中心城区扩散。     

A Study on the Relationship Among Visibility, Atmospheric Suspended Particulate Concentration, and Meteorological Conditions in Hong Kong

By making use of the 2005 hourly data of visibility at Chek Lap Kok and suspended particulate (PM2.5) at Tung Chung,PM2.5 concentration and visibility (excluding cases with mist,fog, rain, or relative humidity≥95%) are found to have a reciprocal relationship with correlation coefficient about 0.8. Besides, similar seasonal trends are exhibited in both the number of hours of reduced visibility (visibility below 8 km and excluding cases with mist, fog, rain, or relative humidity≥95%) and PM2.5 concentration, i.e., with higher value attained in winter and lower value in summer.Backward trajectory analysis using HYSPLIT indicates that this phenomenon is related to the source of air mass affecting Hong Kong. For continental trajectories, the average daily occurrence of reduced visibility and the daily mean PM2.5 concentration were much higher than the corresponding occurrence of reduced visibility and mean PM2.5 concentration for maritime trajectories.A case study on an event with a tropical cyclone approaching Hong Kong is included in this paper to demonstrate the significance of meteorological conditions in determining the visibility and PM2.5 concentration.     

From small sets of GPS trajectories to detailed movement profiles: quantifying personalized trip-dependent movement diversity

ABSTRACT

The ubiquity of personal sensing devices has enabled the collection of large, diverse, and fine-grained spatio-temporal datasets. These datasets facilitate numerous applications from traffic monitoring and management to location-based services. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in profiling individuals' movements for personalized services based on fine-grained trajectory data. Most approaches identify the most representative paths of a user by analyzing coarse location information, e.g., frequently visited places. However, even for trips that share the same origin and destination, individuals exhibit a variety of behaviors (e.g., a school drop detour, a brief stop at a supermarket). The ability to characterize and compare the variability of individuals' fine-grained movement behavior can greatly support location-based services and smart spatial sampling strategies. We propose a TRip DIversity Measure --TRIM – that quantifies the regularity of users' path choice between an origin and destination. TRIM effectively captures the extent of the diversity of the paths that are taken between a given origin and destination pair, and identifies users with distinct movement patterns, while facilitating the comparison of the movement behavior variations between users. Our experiments using synthetic and real datasets and across geographies show the effectiveness of our method.     

矿山灾害应急救援生命保障孔钻井工艺研究

近年来国内外开展的救援钻孔实践推动了矿山和地下工程应急救援技术的发展,探索出的“小直径生命保障孔+大直径救生孔”模式是进行矿山和地下工程灾害救援的一种有效途径。本文以矿山灾害救援地面生命保障孔钻井工艺为主线,分析了小直径生命保障孔井身结构设计和套管选用方法;分别介绍了泥浆正循环钻进工艺和空气潜孔锤正循环钻进工艺,并以山东栖霞笏山金矿生命救援孔钻进实例分析了当前生命保障孔钻井工艺难点。依据轨迹设计理论,针对笏山金矿救援3号生命保障孔出现的偏斜问题,创新提出了超短距离螺旋纠偏技术,并取得了良好的应用效果,为后续生命保障孔施工积累了宝贵经验。     

成都市城市道路塌陷成因及快速探测方法

城市道路塌陷严重危害城市公共安全,对城市道路塌陷隐患进行快速、准确、绿色的探测,有助于减少城市地下病害发育,提升城市安全运营能力。通过调查分析,成都市城市道路塌陷的主要成因包括地质结构复杂、地下水丰富、人类工程活动频繁等。采用车载三维探地雷达对城市道路进行快速探测,建立了以探测、解译、验证、评估、成果及信息化管理为系统的探测体系。实践表明,车载三维探地雷达是快速探测城市道路塌陷隐患的有效方法。     

一次热带风暴背景下南昌暴雨的水汽来源及输送特征

利用常规高空、地面观测资料,分析了2015年6月22日南昌大暴雨过程的环流背景和主要影响系统;利用HYSPLIT模式和6 h—次的NCEP 1°×1°再分析场资料模拟了大暴雨过程240 h气块的后向轨迹,并对中低层的轨迹进行了聚类分析,讨论了不同层次气块在移动过程中水汽的变化。结论:(1)此次大暴雨过程发生在500 hPa低槽前与副热带高压外围的西南气流中、南海海域有1508号热带风暴鲸鱼的背景下,中低层有低涡、切变线及低空急流和地面冷锋,高空200 hPa存在风向分流辐散,且南昌上空有位势不稳定层结等对流性降水特征。(2)轨迹聚类分析表明暴雨过程中水汽路径总体上可以归纳为6条,源自西北太平洋西部、位于1500 m以上的层次,占180条轨迹的46.7%;其次是从南海东部北上而来,位于3000 m以下的层次,占24.4%;还有孟加拉湾东部、中南半岛南部和云南南部等西南方向的通道,占11.7%;其他3条路径均不足9%。(3)对不同层次气块水汽含量的定量分析发现,源自西北太平洋西部和南海东部近海面的气块水汽含量大,到达1500、500 m上空时比湿仍然较高,因而对暴雨的贡献大。南昌3000 m上空气块初始时来自西北太平洋中部相对干的空气,但到达南昌上空时水汽含量显著增大,对暴雨水汽输送贡献也较大。在副热带高压脊线稳定维持且南海有热带风暴存在的背景下,沿副热带高压底部偏东南或偏东气流导致的水汽输送对江南北部暴雨的发生非常重要。     

2013—2016年海口市空气质量特征及典型个例污染物来源分析

根据海南省环境科学研究院提供的海口站2013—2016年逐日空气污染数据,统计分析了海口市空气质量状况。综合应用高低空环流场、AQI指数结合MODIS卫星蓝光气溶胶厚度图,采用HYSPLIT轨迹聚类分析法、潜在源贡献因子法和浓度权重轨迹分析方法,重点分析了2013年12月海口空气污染的的主要输送路径,并探讨了首要污染物PM_2.5和O₃的潜在源区。结果表明：冬夏季风风向转换是海口发生空气污染的最主要气象原因,且首要污染物为PM_2.5,其次是PM₁₀和O₃;海口市空气质量达标率在97.1%,总体较好,AQI指数呈逐年下降趋势;值得关注的是,O₃呈逐年稳定上升趋势。大气污染物浓度受污染物排放和环流场共同影响,海口污染日对应的地面天气形势主要有3种类型,冷高压、变暖高压脊和台风外围下沉气流。此次污染过程中污染源是来自北方地区污染物长距离输送影响的结果。污染物个例分析中,首要污染物PM_2.5潜在源区主要集中在湖南和江西的交界处、广东沿海地区、广西北部、江西和福建的交界处以及浙江中部地区,这些潜在源区气团沿着轨迹1、2和4通过长距离输送到海口。海口O₃质量浓度贡献较大的区域主要集中在湖南和江西的交界处、粤西一带,主要沿着轨迹2将内陆地区的污染源输送到海口。     

Neural adaptive robust control of underactuated marine surface vehicles with input saturation

This paper proposes a saturated tracking controller for underactuated autonomous marine surface vehicles with limited torque. First, a second-order open-loop error dynamic model is developed in the actuated degrees of freedom to simplify the design procedure. Then, a saturated tracking controller is designed by utilizing generalized saturation functions to reduce the risk of actuator saturation. This, in turn, improves the transient performance of the control system. A multi-layer neural network and adaptive robust control techniques are also employed to preserve the controller robustness against unmodeled dynamics and environmental disturbances induced by waves and ocean currents. A Lyapunov stability analysis shows that all signals of the closed-loop system are bounded and tracking errors are semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, simulation results are provided for a hovercraft vehicle to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller as a qualified candidate for real implementations in offshore applications.