北京市居民汽车使用的特征及其影响因素

目前,中国城市私人汽车的拥有量高速增长,小汽车不仅日益成为居民日常出行的重要交通方式,更深刻影响着城市的空间结构和道路的拥堵状况。然而,目前国内对汽车使用的研究仍十分匮乏。为此,本文试图基于2011 年11 月到2012 年7 月在北京进行的一项问卷调查数据,分析家庭汽车使用行为的特征、强度及影响因素。描述性统计和（定序Logistic） 回归分析结果显示,汽车使用目的、建成环境和各种家庭/个人社会经济特征对大城市居民的汽车使用强度和依赖度有重要影响。其中,通勤是居民日常使用汽车的主要目的;公共交通条件较差和停车条件便利是促使居民大量使用汽车的重要原因;婚姻状态、工作状态、家庭规模和家庭内持有驾照的成员数等对居民的日常汽车使用也有重要影响;周末与工作日的汽车使用频次或时长没有显著差异。这些发现对道路交通规划和交通政策的制定有重要参考意义。不过,要想更有效地控制汽车使用行为,未来的研究仍有必要增强对因果关系、出行的限制条件和影响交通行为的心理机制等问题的考察。     

无人机三维倾斜摄影测量助力自然资源调查——以不动产调查为例

随着第一次地理国情普查与监测、第三次全国土地调查等重大自然资源调查类项目的实施,以无人机作为搭载平台的遥感影像获取手段在不断发展并深入应用,特别是无人机航测技术和地理信息技术的结合应用越来越紧密.本文以不动产调查为例,重点论述结合无人机三维倾斜摄影测量技术在内的测绘地理信息新手段的作业原理及应用情况,并对其优缺点进行总...     

基于无人机遥感的黄河下游河南段河滩地植物群落多样性研究

周期性的农业活动和水沙变化已经显著改变了黄河下游河滩地的植物群落结构,快速、准确地获取河滩地的植物群落多样性信息,可以为黄河流域生态保护和恢复提供参考依据.以位于河南省新乡市原阳县朱贵村南部的黄河下游河滩地的植物群落为研究对象,采用最大似然、人工神经网络、面向对象和随机森林分类方法,利用无人机多光谱遥感影像数据,对河滩...     

伽玛射线暴源的新分布“BATSE的观测结果

介绍了康普顿γ射线天文台上ＢＡＴＳＥ有关暴源分布观测的新发展。这一发现对８０年代以前所普遍接受的γ射线暴起源于银盘内中子星的模型提出了严重挑战，并阐明了几种以ＢＡＳＥ结果基础的暴源分布模型。     

Pseudo-fractal interpolation for risk analysis

This paper describes a new method of analyzing the risk incurred when the outcome of a decision depends on interpolated values, for example, on the flow through an aquifer sparsely sampled for permeability or on the ratio of waste to ore in a mineral deposit sparsely sampled for grade. The method uses large families of interpolations constructed between sample values using adaptations of the well-known midpoint displacement method for generating pseudo-fractional Brownian motion trajectories. The parameters defining each family are chosen interactively by specialists to incorporate their expert knowledge. Each family, or ensemble, then defines a population of values for any global characteristic (functional) such as flow rate or waste ratio. The probabilities of various outcomes are estimated by counting them and calculating their ratios. For example, if 900 out of 1000 are acceptable the chance of success is estimated to be 90%.     

差分GPS在车辆导航系统中的应用

简单介绍了差分GPS和伪距差分技术在车辆导航系统中的应用原理,分析了车辆导航系统及其基准站与导航车辆的基本组成,并介绍了一种基于GPRS/ GSM通信网络的DGPS数据传输与处理过程。     

武汉市冬季灰霾期PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的特征

2018年1月,利用颗粒物采样器采集武汉市大气PM_2.5样品并进行水溶性无机离子（F^-、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺）的分析.结果表明,NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺是PM_2.5中最主要的3种水溶性无机离子,除Mg²⁺与Ca²⁺外,PM_2.5与WSⅡs （水溶性无机离子）之间的相关性显著,且移动源贡献占主导地位.阴阳离子平衡表明武汉市冬季灰霾期PM_2.5呈中性或弱酸性.通过混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹模式模拟并采用分层聚类得出了4种主要的后向气流轨迹及相应的PM_2.5和水溶性离子浓度,结果表明区域传输对此次灰霾期影响较大.     

Vehicle tax policies and new passenger car CO2 performance in EU member states

This article explores the causes for differences in the average CO₂ emissions intensity of the new passenger car (NPC) fleet in member states (MS) across Europe. Although EU policies mitigating CO₂ emissions from NPCs have been in place since 1999, MS strongly diverge in the absolute amount and relative change in emissions over the last decade. The authors employ a qualitative approach to analyse the factors, in particular national vehicle taxes, contributing to this divergence and the relative contribution of national and European policies in reducing national CO₂ emissions from NPCs. The analysis shows that there has been a significant reduction in CO₂ emissions intensity of NPCs since 2007 across most MS, compared with the six years previous to that date. This would indicate that EU-wide policies, such as the CO₂ vehicles regulation, along with the economic recession in 2008, have influenced national NPC CO₂ emissions. Generally, countries with CO₂-differentiated vehicle taxes are observed as more likely to have achieved greater reductions in CO₂ emissions. However, over the same period there have been many confounding factors, such as economic instability in the EU, that also influence NPC emissions. Using more detailed case study analyses of six countries, the authors find that there is scope for well-designed national vehicle tax policies to drive NPC emissions down further than the EU average. In countries with the highest success rate, such as the Netherlands, the design of the vehicle tax, as part of a well-aligned policy package, has been very important in delivering the biggest reductions in CO₂ emissions from NPCs.

POLICY RELEVANCE

The transport sector continues to be an intractable source of CO₂ emissions. Governments around the world are seeking effective policies to deal with the increase in passenger car CO₂ emissions appropriate to their own circumstances. This article examines the experience of EU MS with CO₂-differentiated vehicle taxes in reducing CO₂ emissions in the context of other national and international contributing factors. It should therefore both be useful to policy makers and contribute to climate policy research in general.     

具有时变时滞的数据采样无人船舵减摇系统稳定性分析

本文研究了基于数据采样的无人船舵减摇闭环控制系统的稳定性.考虑到采样过程存在延迟现象,引用动态时滞区间的方法,构造相应的Lyapunov-Krasovskii泛函（LKF）.此方法将固定时滞区间扩展成为动态时滞区间,不仅放宽了时滞区间上界和下界的限制,还能同时获得基于线性矩阵不等式（LMI）的更小保守性的相关稳定性判据.最终可以获得一个更宽松的标准来分析基于数据采样的无人船舵减摇闭环控制系统的稳定性.最后,举例说明了所提出方法的有效性.     

Relocation optimization of electric cars in one-way car-sharing systems: modeling,exact solving and heuristics algorithms

Car-sharing system with electric cars is a very convenient service for urban transportation: it allows users to pick up a vehicle at a station and rent it during a short time. To manage this kind of system in the best way, it is necessary to solve the critical problem of vehicle stock imbalance across the stations. Several decision levels must be considered to balance the car distribution by taking into account the quality of service and the system operation cost. To this end, a linear programming model is proposed to formalize the problem in a mathematical framework, which allows the computation of optimal vehicle distribution strategies. To make our solution time efficient and usable for solving large problems, a greedy algorithm and a tabu search algorithm are proposed. These two algorithms are applied to the Auto Bleue network in Nice and its surrounding (France) using extensive simulations. Besides, an integrated mapping method is provided within the Geographical Information System QGIS to estimate flows and their locations. Numerical results demonstrate that the tabu search algorithm is able to find near-optimal solutions and good compromises between client satisfaction, number of staff agents and vehicles used, and computing time.