Lateral force and centroid location caused by horizontal and vertical surcharge strip loads on a cross‐anisotropic backfill

This work presents analytical solutions for determining lateral force (force per unit length) and centroid location caused by horizontal and vertical surcharge surface loads acting on a cross‐anisotropic backfill. The surcharge loading types are point load, line load, uniform strip load, upward linear‐varying strip load, upward nonlinear‐varying strip load, downward linear‐varying strip load, and downward nonlinear‐varying strip load. The planes of cross‐anisotropy are assumed parallel to the backfill ground surface. The proposed solutions, derived by integrating the lateral stress solutions (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 2005; 29 :1341–1361), do not exist in literature. Clearly, the type and degree of material anisotropy, loading distance from the retaining wall, and loading types markedly impact the proposed solutions. Two examples are utilized to illustrate the type and degree of soil anisotropy, and the loading types on the lateral force and centroid location in the isotropic/cross‐anisotropic backfills generated by the horizontal and vertical uniform, upward linear‐varying and upward nonlinear‐varying strip loads. The parametric study results demonstrate that the lateral force and centroid location accounting for soil anisotropy, loading distance from the retaining wall, dimension of the loading strip, and loading directions and types differ significantly from those estimated using existing isotropic solutions. The derived solutions can be added to other lateral pressures, such as earth pressure or water pressure, required for stability and structural analysis of a retaining wall. Additionally, they can simulate realistically actual surcharge loading problems in geotechnical engineering when backfill materials are cross‐anisotropic. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一个非线性连续培养模型极限环的位置

微生物培养是生化工程中的一个重要课题。研究了一个非线性连续微生物培养动力系统的极限环的相对位置。对带非常数产物系数的连续培养模型进行推广。模型中的极限环对应于发酵和生化培养中的非线性振荡,其相对位置对研究连续培养中振荡产生的时间和范围是有意义的。     

慢地震研究综述

综述了慢地震的定义,慢地震观测、识别和定位,以及慢地震的机制和传播等问题.     

Geometry and brittle deformation of the subducting Nazca Plate, Central Chile and Argentina

We use data from the Chile Argentina Geophysical Experiment (CHARGE) broad-band seismic deployment to refine past observations of the geometry and deformation within the subducting slab in the South American subduction zone between 30°S and 36°S. This region contains a zone of flat slab subduction where the subducting Nazca Plate flattens at a depth of ∼100 km and extends ∼300 km eastward before continuing its descent into the mantle. We use a grid-search multiple-event earthquake relocation technique to relocate 1098 events within the subducting slab and generate contours of the Wadati-Benioff zone. These contours reflect slab geometries from previous studies of intermediate-depth seismicity in this region with some small but important deviations. Our hypocentres indicate that the shallowest portion of the flat slab is associated with the inferred location of the subducting Juan Fernández Ridge at 31°S and that the slab deepens both to the south and the north of this region. We have also determined first motion focal mechanisms for ∼180 of the slab earthquakes. The subhorizontal T -axis solutions for these events are almost entirely consistent with a slab pull interpretation, especially when compared to our newly inferred slab geometry. Deviations of T -axes from the direction of slab dip may be explained with a gap within the subducting slab below 150 km in the vicinity of the transition from flat to normal subducting geometry around 33°S.     

Highland Boundary Fault Zone: Tectonic implications of the Aberfoyle earthquake sequence of 2003

The Highland Boundary Fault Zone (HBFZ) is one of the major faulted tectonic boundaries in Great Britain. Historically, seismicity has occurred in this zone around the town of Comrie. But an earthquake sequence that occurred in 2003 near the village of Aberfoyle (M_L 1.3–3.2) was the first significant activity to be recorded in the HBFZ since the installation of modern seismograph networks in the 1970s. This study describes detailed analysis of these data. The waveform signals of the events were almost identical and by applying a cross-correlation technique combined with multiple event location, the alignment of the events was found to be WSW–ENE. This alignment matches one of the nodal planes determined by joint focal mechanism analysis. The fault plane dips to the northwest, and shows oblique sinistral strike–slip with normal movement. The orientation of the event alignment matches the direction and orientation of observed features in the HBFZ. Hence, it is concluded that the WSW–ENE striking nodal plane was the causative fault that is associated with the HBFZ. The orientation of maximum compressional stress is rotated from the regional average expected due to the Mid-Atlantic ridge-push force. This rotation is possibly explained by stresses due to postglacial rebound. Smaller events in the sequence were used as empirical Green's functions and deconvolved from the larger events to determine source time functions. The corresponding corner frequencies matched results from spectral fitting, showing that the events were of relatively low stress drop.     

城市基础空间数据基准的统一和更新

对城市基础地理信息数据库的数据源——空间位置数据的基准统一和更新方法进行了探讨,提出七参数转换和平面相似变换是实现空间位置数据的基准统一和更新的实用方法,并通过算例证明了该方法的正确性。     

大型矿山接替资源定位预测的途径及其研究意义

讨论了大型矿山接替资源定位预测研究的重要性,并从理论上、技术上、经济效益上以及实践上对其可行性进行了分析;阐述了隐伏矿体定位预测的指导思想、技术路线、方法和基本途径。     

西藏地震台网检测能力与定位能力评估

根据西藏自治区地震台网的记录,对现有台站的检测能力和定位能力进行了评估,再把“十五”计划增加的台站加入西藏地震台网,估算了该区新台网的检测能力和定位能力。     

BUSINESS CLUSTERS IN THE SOUTH: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL FROM INDONESIAN EVIDENCE

Advocacy of the advantages accruing to business clusters in developing economies has followed that in developed economies. With doubts emerging about the evidence for these in developed economies, it is therefore appropriate to review the experience in the developing world. A model of cluster emergence and growth has guided accounts of developing country clusters. Drawing on experience from Indonesia, doubts are raised about that model's prediction of the emergence of successful joint action in maintaining cluster advantages. Any advantages from clustering are insufficient to face development challenges arising from the globalisation of economic activity. The significance of business clusters in low income economies needs to be reviewed in the light of actual experience and the reappraisal emerging in developed or high income countries.