Spatial structure characteristics detecting of landform based on improved 3D Lacunarity model

The spatial structure characteristics of landform are the foundation of geomorphologic classification and recognition.This paper proposed a new method on quantifying spatial structure characteristics of terrain surface based on improved 3D Lacunarity model.Lacunarity curve and its numerical integration are used in this model to improve traditional classification result that different morphological types may share the close value of indexes based on global statistical analysis.Experiments at four test areas with different landform types show that improved 3D Lacunarity model can effectively distinguish different morphological types per texture analysis.Higher sensitivity in distinguishing the tiny differences of texture characteristics of terrain surface shows that the quantification method by 3D Lacu-narity model and its numerical integration presented in this paper could contribute to improving the accuracy of land-form classifications and relative studies.     

Changing spatial and structural patterns of non-agricultural activities in outward-moving Beijing urban fringe

As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction of entire metropolises.At the same time,however,endogenous interactions between industrial structure and spatial patterns of non-agricultural activities are also worthy of scholarly attention.Since the 1980s,studies on urban fringes in China have been restricted by the lack of micro-level data.This paper investigates the spatial expansion and structural evolution of the urban fringe by taking the case of Beijing and uses systematic firm-level data in 1996 and 2001 from the National Census of Basic Units.The diversity of distribution patterns across industrial sectors brings about two interrelated results.On the one hand,structural adjustment of non-agricultural industries promotes the expansion and spatial evolution of the urban fringe.On the other hand,the stability and dynamics of industrial structure coexist in the moving urban fringe.This study also reveals that the outward-moving urban fringe is the optimal location for manufacturing,especially heavy manufacturing,as well as traditional producer and consumer services.However,industries with spatial stickiness such as tourism and sports have not moved with the fringe.Most advanced services remain concentrated in the city center.The authors argue that it is essential for understanding and managing urban fringes to take into account spatial evolution and industrial structural adjustment together with their interaction with each other.     

Trends of urban air pollution in Zhengzhou City in 1996–2008

Urban air pollution is a commonly concerned environmental problem in the world.Identification of air quality trend using long-term monitoring data is helpful to understand the effectiveness of pollution control strategies.This study,using data from six monitoring stations in Zhengzhou City,analyzed the changing trend in concentrations of SO 2,NO x /NO 2 and TSP/PM 10 in 1996-2008,based on non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator,and evaluated the comprehensive air pollution level using Multi-Pollutant Index(MPI).It was found that the concentration of each pollutant exceeded obviously the World Health Organization(WHO) guideline value,but the changing trend varied:SO 2 and NO 2 were significantly increased mainly due to an increase in coal consumption and vehicle number,while NO x,TSP and PM 10 decreased.The air pollution was serious,and differed markedly among the three functional regions:it is the most severe in the Industrial and Residential Area(IRA),followed by the Transportation Hub and Business District(THBD),and then the High-tech,Cultural and Educational Area(HCEA).Different from NO 2 concentration that had a similar change trend/rate among the function regions,the change rate of PM 10 concentration differed spatially,decreased much more obviously in THBD than other two regions.For the whole city,the comprehensive air pollution level declined gradually,illustrating that the air quality in Zhengzhou was improved in the last decade.     

基于分形维度法的都市区城市蔓延分析——以广佛为例

根据1957与1982年两个时期的地形图并结合1995与2008年的遥感卫星影像提取城镇建设用地专题信息,利用ArcGIS建立广佛都市区城镇建设用地数据库,采用分形维度的计算方法,对广佛都市区城市蔓延的情况进行测度和分析。结果表明广佛都市区三个发展阶段城镇建设用地面积增长速度并不均匀,具有加速发展的特点。四个测度年份的分形维数分别为1.645 4,1.628 5,1.558 6和1.527 0,均在1～2之间,分形维数呈递降趋势,总体下降了0.118 4,城市发展模式由紧凑型逐渐向松散型演变,存在城市蔓延情况,而且城市发展模式以年均0.14%的速度从紧凑型向松散型演变。广佛都市区城市蔓延的地域分异较为明显,具有较强的空间集聚性和中心向心性,广州和佛山毗邻地区以及中心城区是城市蔓延的活跃区和集中区,1982-1995年间研究区内蔓延速度比1995-2008年间要快。通过深入分析发现,经济快速发展、城市人口的持续增长、交通道路网络的建设是广佛都市区快速扩张和城市蔓延的基本动力因素之一,开发区土地扩张,进一步加剧了无序扩张和城市蔓延。     

临沭县城乡建设用地增减挂钩试点具体实施分析

对临沭县自2008年实施城乡建设用地增减挂钩工作以来的具体做法、取得的经验教训进行认真分析,特别是从项目区立项申报、组织实施和资金使用管理等方面进行深入研究,指出了存在的共性问题,总结了行之有效的经验做法,并就如何正确实施、高效组织、加快推进增减挂钩试点工作提出几点建议,希望对健康平稳推进增减挂钩工作有所裨益。     

惠民县城乡建设用地增减挂钩工作探析

为统筹城乡发展,促进土地节约集约利用,惠民县在城乡建设用地增减挂钩工作方面进行了探索和实践,有效缓解了建设用地供求矛盾,改善了农民生活居住环境,促进了农业发展、农民增收,取得初步成效。但同时也存在农村社区建设规划缺乏、增减挂钩建设资金不足、拆迁补偿安置难度大、基层认识不到位等问题。该文围绕促进城乡建设用地增减挂钩工作,在建立农村社区规划、拓宽多元化融资渠道、完善安置补偿机制、加大宣传力度等方面进行了论述,并提出了建议。     

城市犯罪时空特征与机制——以北京城八区财产类犯罪为例

城市犯罪的时空模式是地理学“格局”和“过程”研究的重要课题。本文以北京城八 区财产类犯罪为研究对象,利用GIS工具获取和处理空间数据,探讨城市犯罪的时空格局和时 空模式,并建立时空机制模型。研究发现：北京城市犯罪总体上呈现多中心分布格局,在商 业繁华地带和对外交通运输区存在明显的高强度带;各种犯罪类型空间格局既有共同性又有 差异性;城市犯罪嫌疑人数量存在季节分异特点,但同一区域的犯罪地点数目具有一定的稳 定性;就时空机制而言,场所的时空特征作用于财产犯罪参与者,进而作用于犯罪要素并影 响犯罪实施成功与否,而不同类型的财产犯罪对场所时空特征要求不同,这些要求一旦与北 京城市环境的特有属性耦合,便产生犯罪高发地段和高发时段,最终影响城市空间结构特点。     

城市紧凑性测度指标研究及典型城市分析——以南京、苏州建设用地紧凑度为例

量化表征城市紧凑性是当前地理学界和规划领域共同关注的热点问题,明确紧凑性指标反映的实际意义与适用范围,成为构建测度体系的关键.当前已有众多研究提出数量相当可观的量化指标,本文结合国内外城市紧凑性定量研究进展,根据表征紧凑内涵的不同将其归纳为形状、规模、密度、结构、功能和过程6 类,分析了不同类型指标的适用范围,并以结构类指标为例,采用南京和苏州的实际建设用地数据,根据指标自身稳定特性识别的实用性和局限性,达到评判和筛选指标的目的.结果显示：指标能有效指示建设用地的实际空间结构特征;4 个指标受尺度变化的影响不强烈,具有良好的应用性能,其中Gini 系数和Moran’s I 在应用中,前提条件局限小,适用广泛;而连续度和向心度较直观,但在进行城市比较研究时限制条件较多.该研究结果能够为城市紧凑性量化研究提供一定的借鉴,并指导城市规划与管理政策制定.     

城市异速标度研究的起源、困境和复兴

系统总结了城市异速标度研究的学术源流、量纲困境和现状特征,重点探讨了城市化异速标度分析的前景和意义。异速标度是城市研究的基本理论方法之一,该方法起源于20世纪50年代的生物学和一般系统论。由于量纲难题,城市异速分析经过一段时间的研究热潮之后趋于冷落;由于分维概念的引入,异速标度关系摆脱了量纲困境;由于相关领域的推动,城市异速分析方法复兴。异速生长和异速标度分析在城市形态、城市生态、城市性态、城市动态以及城市体系等诸多领域都有应用。如今,异速生长正在与分形和自组织网络理论相互融合,发展成为基于一般标度律的城市过程和格局的集成分析方法。由于城市化与城市形态、城市体系等方面的密切相关,异速标度分析极有前景的一个发展方向可能是城市化研究。城市化异速分析可望将不同类型的城市异速标度研究成果组织成一个完整的逻辑框架。     

利用MODIS产品和DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据监测城市扩张

选用多时序MODIS数据产品和晚间灯光指数数据,采用CART数据挖掘方法和改进的Niblack 阈值分割技术,对2001-2010 年之间的浙江省城市扩张情况开展了动态监测。结果显示：在多时序数据信息挖掘的基础上,利用区域灯光指数局部阈值,可以有效地分割城镇和非城镇类型,从而提高城镇专题信息提取的精度;从2001 年到2010 年,浙江省城市扩张迅速,年平均扩张速度为297.35 km²/a,平均扩张速度以余杭、萧山和绍兴为中心,以宁波和瑞安为次中心递减;扩张强度最大的是衢县,其次是开化县和海宁市。以杭州为例分析城市扩张的空间特征,其城市空间紧凑度从0.38 上升到了0.48,空间结构趋于紧凑;城市中心向西北方向移动了约3km,揭示着其向西北方向扩展的主要趋势。