Improving sustainability of urban drainage systems for climate change adaptation using best management practices: a case study of Tehran,Iran

Although the effectiveness of best management practices (BMPs) in reducing urban flooding is widely recognized, the improved sustainability achieved by implementing BMPs in upstream suburban areas, reducing downstream urban floods, is still debated. This study introduces a new definition of urban drainage system (UDS) sustainability, focusing on BMP usage to enhance system performance after adaptation to climate change. Three types of hydraulic reliability index (HRI) plus robustness and improvability indices were used to quantify the potential enhanced sustainability of the system in a changing climate, together with a climate change adaptability index (CCAI). The sustainability of UDS for the safe conveyance of storm-water runoff was investigated under different land-use scenarios: No BMP, BMP in urban areas, and BMP inside and upstream of urban areas, considering climate change impacts. Rainfall–runoff simulation alongside drainage network modelling was conducted using a storm-water management model (US EPA SWMM) to determine the inundation areas for both base-line and future climatic conditions. A new method for disaggregating daily rainfall to hourly, proposed to provide a finer resolution of input rainfall to SWMM, was applied to a semi-urbanized catchment whose upstream runoff from mountainous areas may contribute to the storm-water runoff in downstream urban parts. Our findings confirm an increase in the number of inundation points and reduction in sustainability indices of UDS due to climate change. The results present an increase in UDS reliability from 4% to 16% and improvements in other sustainability indicators using BMPs in upstream suburban areas compared to implementing them in urban areas.     

How much does an extreme rainfall event cost? Material damage and relationships between insurance,rainfall, land cover and urban flooding

This research aims to understand how insurance, rainfall, land cover and urban flooding are related and how these variables influenced the material damage in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA) during the 2000–2011 period. Correlation coefficients show strong relationships between built-up areas and claims (0.94) and payouts (0.88). Despite no significant relationships being found between rainfall and the amount of material damage per event, three likelihood levels of flooding were determined for hourly rainfall. Unlike the studied period, the number of claims and their spatial distribution during the 2008 extreme rainfall event were strongly dependent on rainfall. Flooding related to the old watercourses assumed greater importance during this extreme event, recovering a more natural/ancient hydrological behaviour. In the LMA, the greatest material damage was the result of high-magnitude/low-probability rainfall events. Lower magnitude events can trigger numerous claims in heavily built-up areas, but they are hardly capable of producing large material damage.     

建设韧性城乡的技术途径

中国地震多发、灾害严重,迫切需要提升抗震能力,实现韧性城乡的建设。本文围绕建设韧性城乡的技术途径,梳理了工程抗震技术发展的历史沿革,阐述了韧性城乡的提出背景。基于震害类比、实验验证和理论分析,总结提炼工程结构抗震能力“散”、“脆、”偏、“单”评估法,指出应以“整而不散”、“延而不脆”、“匀而不偏”、“冗而不单”的传统抗震技术及隔震与消能减震新技术作为实现韧性城乡的技术途径。     

大气程辐射遥感图像与城市大气污染监测研究

作为对地探测的遥感技术所获取的遥感图像包含了地面和大气信息,并且主要是地面信息.利用地面反射率分布图像将遥感数字图像中弱的大气信息与强的地面目标信息分离,生成仅仅包含大气信息的大气程辐射遥感图像.利用多(高)光谱遥感数字图像中不同波段的大气程辐射遥感图像可以不受地面干扰地对城市大气污染的类型和程度(气溶胶粒径和含量)进行遥感监测.在大气污染地面观测数据(可吸入颗粒物PM10浓度)的支持下,利用MODIS多光谱遥感数字图像生成的对应多光谱大气程辐射遥感数字图像,以上海市为例进行了城市大气污染遥感监测的原理方法研究.     

北京城区河湖水质分析

调研结果显示,2003年北京城区河湖(11个监测水体)总磷、总氮含量分别为0．142mg/L、1．481mg/L,已达到比较 严重的富营养状态．北京城市河湖属于藻型水体,初级生产力主要决定于浮游藻类的群落结构与密度．河湖水体中浮游 藻类密度为37867．82×10~4cells/L,其群落由蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、绿藻(Chlorophyta)、硅藻(Bcillariophyta)、甲藻(Pyrrophy— ta)、隐藻(Cryptophyta)、黄藻(Xanthophyta)、金藻(Chrysophyta)和裸藻(Eugleniphyta)构成．群落中蓝藻占绝对优势 (89．54%)．在近几年的夏秋季连续发生程度不同的微囊藻(microcystis)水华,对水体功能和城市景观造成了不良影响． 主要原因是：(1)氮磷和有机物的污染,(2)给城市河湖补给的水量少,(3)河湖生态系统被损害,水体自净能力差．本文 对如何改善北京城市河湖水质提出了建议．     

基于Sentinel-2A/B的新疆典型城市不透水面提取及空间差异分析

随着城市化进程加快,自然地表物理结构及属性的变化使得城市不透水面不断增加,进而造成城市土地覆盖类型剧烈变化,极大地影响着其环境质量和生态循环。因此,探讨不透水面的空间变化规律,对建设生态、和谐、宜居城市变得极为重要。本文选取新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）典型城市（乌鲁木齐、喀什、哈密及克拉玛依）主城区为研究区,通过对Sentinel-2A/B影像L2范数归一化处理,结合增强型归一化差值不透水面指数ENDISI（Enhanced Normalized Difference Impervious Surface Index）,采用最大类间方差法（OTSU）自适应确定阈值,提取2017年和2019年新疆典型城市不透水面。结果表明：L2范数归一化处理与ENDISI结合能较好的突显不透水面与非不透水面的差异;OTSU自适应确定的阈值能够很好的区分不透水面,经示例验证（2019年乌鲁木齐主城区）,不透水面提取结果总体精度为86.60%,Kappa系数为0.73。通过对不透水面空间差异分析可知：从剖面线角度分析得出乌鲁木齐北部、喀什中部和北部及哈密中东部和北部ENDISI指数值均显著增加,而克拉玛依北部和中西部区域ENDISI指数值增加较少;从不透水面盒维数分析中得出,新疆典型城市的盒维数值均呈增加趋势,城市结构复杂度不断增强,其中哈密盒维数值最大,乌鲁木齐盒维数值最低,且哈密的盒维数值变化幅度最大,克拉玛依的盒维数值变化最小。本文可为新疆典型城市内涵式发展提供科学指导,为干旱区城市生态环境保护提供理论依据。     

西安市城市部件普查成果质量评价研究

结合西安市城市部件普查成果,根据成果质量表现形式及特征,总结了部件普查成果的质量评价内容和检验方法,并通过实践加以验证,提高数据质量评价准确率,降低数据不当评价的可能性,促进城市部件成果普查技术规范发展,高效广泛应用.     

The role of urban surfaces (permeable pavements) in regulating drainage and evaporation: development of a laboratory simulation experiment

Permeable pavements and similar stormwater control devices have not been exploited in the UK, in part because their adoption has been hindered by a lack of detailed knowledge of their hydrological performance. This paper describes a research programme that produced detailed information on the hydrological behaviour of a car park surface. The study involved the construction of full‐scale permeable pavement model car park structures and a rainfall simulator for use in the laboratory. A monitoring procedure was developed in order to measure inputs and changes in drainage, storage and evaporation over short and long time‐scales (2 hours to 3 months). A range of simulated rainfalls, which varied in intensity and duration, was applied to the model car park surfaces. Hydrological processes were monitored over an 18‐month period. Results demonstrated that evaporation, drainage and retention in the structures were strongly influenced by the particle size distribution of the bedding material and by water retention in the surface blocks. In general, an average of 55% of a one‐hour duration, 15 mm h⁻¹ rainfall event could be retained by an initially air‐dry structure. Subsequent simulations demonstrated that 30% of a one‐hour duration, 15 mm h⁻¹ rainfall event could be stored by an initially wet structure (with a minimum time interval between rainfall applications of 72 hours). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京稳定天气条件下城市边界层环流特征数值研究

采用科罗拉多大学和MRC／ASTER共同开发的区域大气模拟系统（RAMS）对北京地区稳定天气条件下的个例进行数值模拟,通过对数值模拟结果与观测事实的比较以及敏感性试验,分析了北京城市边界层环流特征和环流影响因子在环流发展过程中的作用。结果表明：①在山谷风环流和热岛环流相互作用下形成了北京城市边界层流场特有的局地环流。②热岛中心在决定边界层环流的辐合区位置上起相对较大的作用,边界层环流的强度和发展高度由山谷风强度和热岛强度共同决定。     

城市热岛强度订正与供热量预报

利用公主坟自动气象站(供热区)和北京市观象台(郊区)间1997～2001年4个冬季逐月(11月～3月)逐日4次气温差值,研究了城市热岛变化特征,结合其他研究提出了北京市各供热区城市热岛强度订正原则和初步结果。对北京市2001～2002年采暖季的室内外气象-热力试验数据进行科学分析,求出不同环境温度条件下单位面积供热量模式,按此模式运行则存在较大节能空间。