梅州城市湿地外来入侵植物现状及防治对策

通过实地调查和文献检索,对梅州城市湿地外来入侵植物的组成、生活型、危害程度、原产地、入侵途径等进行了分析。结果表明：梅州城市湿地主要外来入侵植物有16科29属33种,其中菊科植物的数量最多,占入侵植物总数的27.3%;生活型以草本植物为主;有10种入侵植物给当地生态环境带来严重危害;原产地以美洲为主;引入途径主要以人为有意或无意引入为主。在分析城市湿地外来入侵植物现状的基础上,提出了建立入侵植物生态风险评估系统、加强入境检疫、加强地区合作、提高公众防范意识、有效防控和变害为宝等对策,为城市生态及经济的可持续发展提供参考。     

用地面湿度参量计算我国整层大气可降水量及有效水汽含量方法的研究

根据1993年我国28个台站地面及高空气象要素资料,拟合出这28个台站所在地区整层大气可降水量同地面湿度参量(地面水汽压、地面露点)关系的经验表达式,并且在此基础上,通过引进地理纬度ψ和海拔高度H两个参量,将经验系数参数化,建立起由地面湿度参量计算整层大气可降水量的经验计算模式.另外还拟合出这些地区整层大气有效水汽含量同可降水量关系的经验表达式,提出一个先由地面湿度参量计算整层大气可降水量,再由此计算出整层大气有效水汽含量的方法.     

地球轨道偏心率变化对东亚季风气候模拟的影响

采用较为真实的椭圆轨道代替了原区域气候模式中的圆近似轨道,并进行了10年模拟试验,用以了解该模式对东亚季风区气候年际变化的模拟能力,同时比较地球轨道参数计算变化对现代东亚季风气候模拟的影响.结果表明:当把模式中的地球轨道计算从圆形改为椭圆时,中国东部的降水模拟有所改进,东亚地区的温度、降水、比湿等气候要素均出现夏季降低(减少)而冬季升高(增加)的季节变化趋势,而且亚洲冬、夏季风也均有减弱.但从总体上说,现代气候状况的模拟对地球公转轨道的计算方案不敏感.通过该工作的模拟研究说明,对较短时期的现代气候模拟,地球公转轨道采用圆近似是可行的.     

一次强沙尘暴的近地层气象要素及内部热力、动力结构特征

针对2009年4月23-24日出现在我国内蒙古中西部的一次强沙尘暴天气过程,利用专门组织观测实验得到的加密探空资料、地面自动观测站资料和其他常规观测资料,深入分析研究了此次沙尘暴发生前后及发生期间,近地层气象要素变化及其内部热力、动力结构特征变化.结果表明,1）沙尘暴发生前,大气的温度垂直递减率大,湿度较大,近地层风速小,风向偏东;在沙尘暴发生期间,大气中出现逆温现象,大气湿度很小,各层风速明显增强,风向偏西且稳定;之后,低层温度显著下降,大气湿度迅速增大,各层风速减小,沙尘暴天气结束.2）沙尘暴发生前,大气层结是条件不稳定的,在沙尘暴过境时,低层大气层结是稳定的,在800600 hPa之间大气层结是中性的,此时低层大气干燥,而在沙尘暴移出测站后,湿度明显增大,因此,“3θ”曲线可以为沙尘暴的监测和预报提供一个有价值的参考数据.3）沙尘暴爆发时的螺旋度是所有观测时次中的最大值,螺旋度与沙尘暴的强度在时间上具有良好的对应关系,即螺旋度越大,对应沙尘暴越强.4）此次强沙尘暴的形成与发展不仅受到环境风速的影响,沙尘暴内部的切向旋转速度和垂直运动速度也对其起到重要的作用.     

区域地球化学评价中变异系数校正参数的意义

通过对我国新疆西天山各地球化学区数据的归纳和研究,计算西天山12种常见成矿元素在各地球化学区的富集系数,提出校正系数公式,并将变异系数进行合理的校正与排序。与实际矿床和矿点结合,验证校正系数的正确性和适用性,预测元素成矿有利顺序和规律,总结出西天山富集系数与变异系数在成矿中的制约关系。该方法实现了不同成矿元素之间成矿条件的对比,拓宽了地球化学参数的适用性,提高了在勘探程度较低的地区地球化学评价方法的准确性,为地球化学评价提供科学依据。     

基于空间信息技术的城市应急救援联动系统研究

该文分析国内外城市现代救援体系及其发展趋势，对基于统一的空间信息基础设施平台分布式城市应急救援联动系统(体系结构与系统实现)的关键技术进行研究，以成都市城市应急救援联动系统为例，探讨了城市应急救援联动系统的构成、功能、业务流程、系统平台、用户界面等。     

长江三角洲城市带扩展对区域温度变化的影响

Based on non-radiance-calibrated DMSP/OLS nighttime light imagery from 1992 to 2003, urban land area statistical data, meteorological data and land surface temperature data retrieved by MODIS and NOAA/AVHRR data, the influence of urbanization on regional cli- matic trend of temperature in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) was analyzed. Conclusions are as follows: 1) There is a significant urbanization process from 1992 to 2003 in the YRD. Four city clusters of Nanjing–Zhenjiang–Yangzhou, Suzhou–Wuxi–Changzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou Bay form a zigzag city belt. The increase rate of annual mean air temperature in city-belt is 0.28–0.44℃/10a from 1991 to 2005, which is far larger than that of non-city-belt. 2) The urban heat island (UHI) effect on regional mean air temperature in different seasons is summer>autumn>spring>winter. 3) The UHI intensity and the urban total population logarithm are creditably correlated. 4) The UHI effect made the regional annual mean air temperature increased 0.072℃ from 1961 to 2005, of which 0.047℃ from 1991 to 2005, and the annual maximum air temperature increased 0.162℃, of which 0.083℃ from 1991 to 2005. All these indicating that the urban expansion in the YRD from 1991 to 2005 may be regarded as a serious climate signal.     

Interrelation among several important links in seismic risk analysis

Introduction In the probability analysis method of seismic risk considering time-space inhomogeneity of seismic activity and adopted commonly in China (State Seismological Bureau, 1996) (called in-homogeneous distribution model for short), the division of seismic statistical regions, delimitation of potential seismic sources and estimation of seismicity parameters are the main links that affect significantly the estimation of ground motion parameters of a site. HUANG and WU (2005) studied …     

Urban–agricultural water appropriation: the Hyderabad, India case

With the urbanisation drive comes steady growth in urban water demand. Although in the past this new demand could often be met by tapping unclaimed water sources, this option is increasingly untenable in many regions where little if any unclaimed water remains. The result is that urban water capture, and the appropriation of associated physical and institutional infrastructure, now often implies conflict with other existing uses and users. While the urbanisation process has been studied in great depth, the processes and, critically, impacts of urban water capture and appropriation are not well researched or understood. This paper undertakes a critical examination of the specific case of Hyderabad, one of India's fastest growing cities, to shed light more generally on the process of water capture by cities and the resultant impacts on pre-existing claims, particularly agriculture. It does this by examining the history and institutional response to Hyderabad's urban–rural water contest; how the results of that contest are reflected in surface and groundwater hydrology; and the eventual impacts on agriculture. The findings show that the magnitude, and sometimes even direction, of impact from urban water transfer vary in space and time and depend on location-specific rainfall patterns, the nature of existing water infrastructure and institutions, and farmers' adaptive capacities and options, notably recourse to groundwater. Broader consideration of the specific findings provides insights into policy mechanisms to reduce the possible negative impacts from the global, and seemingly inexorable, flow of water to the world's growing cities.     

层理性页岩力学参数对水力压裂裂缝形态的影响分析

岩石力学性质及地应力等地质力学参数是进行储层压裂改造的基础数据,影响着整个压裂设计的准确性。由于页岩层理发育及矿物组成的复杂性、页岩力学性质的横观各向同性,所以基于传统力学模型获取的压裂参数设计将丧失意义。以横向各向同性模型体现层理发育页岩储层的力学性质,通过简化的横纵弹性模量和泊松比可以较好地表达出页岩的横观各向同性,并总结了横观各向同性地应力解释方法。基于上述理论,应用商业化水力压裂数模软件对四川盆地某层理页岩储层进行了压裂设计,比较了基于横观各向同性模型与传统模型解释力学参数差异,非常规储层动静态力学参数转换,同时通过改变射孔位置研究了起裂点对裂缝形态的影响。研究发现,横观各向同性解释的杨氏模量、地应力要略高于传统方法,同时横观各向同性解释的地层地应力差较小,所以受不同射孔位置的变化对裂缝几何的形态影响要远远高于各向同性模型模拟的结果,特别是缝高变化更为明显。同时数据表明,在高应力区射孔将形成更为狭窄缝宽的水力裂缝,这会严重影响后续支撑剂的进入,以上结论将为提高页岩储层的压裂设计精确性给予重要帮助。