国外地下水监测采样设备综述

国外地下水监测用采样设备大致分为4类：取样筒式采样器、惯性式采样器、气体驱动式采样器和潜水电泵式采样器。取样筒式采样器原理简单、制作方便、成本低,受监测井井径、采样深度影响较小;惯性式采样器外径小,可应用于小口径地下水监测井,采样深度可达到90 m;气体驱动式采样器结构较复杂,适用范围广,适用于大部分地下水监测井,采样效率较高。潜水电泵式采样器采样效率很高,适应井径较大。     

Testing different sorting techniques in macroinvertebrate samples from running waters

With the aim of finding an efficient, standardised and practical protocol for sorting macroinvertebrate samples for water management practice, three different sorting techniques were tested: RIVPACS sorting, a modified AQEM/STAR (MAS) sorting protocol and a Live-sorting method. Based on the same AQEM/STAR sample to ensure comparable results, we compared RIVPACS and MAS sorting for 20 samples, and Live-sorting and MAS for a different set of 20 samples. Comparisons were based on both ecological and financial parameters relevant for the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive in Germany. Parameters include recently developed multimetric assessment indices, their stream type specific core metric results, time effort and costs. While RIVPACS and MAS sorting produced similar results in terms of ecological assessment, time effort and costs, Live-sorting differed notably in all three respects. Live-sorting is the quickest and least expensive protocol, but shows higher variability than the other protocols. We discuss the differences and the level of standardisation for each of these methods.     

数据处理方法在雨量中的应用及面雨量形成

基于中尺度雨量站资料,将SQL Select语句、bcp数据处理方法应用到实时雨量的计算中,利用GIS技术得到精细的子流域的栅格点雨量,形成子流域的面雨量值.结果表明:1)采用SQL Server的数据查询技术与bcp数据处理技术可以获取每天实时雨量;2)利用GIS的拼接、转换和抽样处理技术,可以形成5km空间分辨率的坡度和高程数据;3)根据雨量与高度和坡度的关系得到雨量的计算公式,获得精细化的雨量资料,通过算术平均法的求算形成更准确的面雨量值.     

Estuaries as Repositories of Historical Contamination and their Impact on Shelf Seas

Estuaries are sites of port, industrial, urban and recreational development and also important to many forms of animal life. They often form sinks for sediment and thus for contaminants associated with the sediment which arise from anthropogenic activities in their hinterland and along their shores. These contaminants can adversely affect estuarine ecosystems and are the subject of international agreements on environmental protection. For both of these reasons, it is important to increase our knowledge of the distribution, concentration, controlling influences on, and impacts of, estuarine contamination. Evidence from around the world shows that although estuaries are sinks for contaminants from the terrestrial environment, there is significant transport of marine material up-estuary as bed load sediment whilst fine-grained terrestrial material may be transported seawards in suspension. Major movement of contaminants from estuaries onto the continental shelf probably occurs only during floods and storms and, in general, the impact on shelf seas is relatively minor and confined to the coastal zone. The chief exception to this rule is in the Far East where sediment from major Chinese rivers may be dispersed up to 300 km across the shelf.     

一种后现代的叙事模式--东西小说叙事策略探微

东西的小说创作,尤其是20世纪90年代中期以后的相当一部分作品,在主题思想和叙述策略上均具有鲜明的后现代倾向,足以形成其独特的艺术方式.以后现代主义文学与叙事学的相关理论,从东西小说创作的叙事手法和叙述语言等方面出发,试图对东西小说独特的叙事艺术予以解读.     

Integrating top–down and bottom–up approaches to design global change adaptation at the river basin scale

The high uncertainty associated with the effect of global change on water resource systems calls for a better combination of conventional top–down and bottom–up approaches, in order to design robust adaptation plans at the local scale. The methodological framework presented in this article introduces “bottom–up meets top–down” integrated approach to support the selection of adaptation measures at the river basin level by comprehensively integrating the goals of economic efficiency, social acceptability, environmental sustainability and adaptation robustness. The top–down approach relies on the use of a chain of models to assess the impact of global change on water resources and its adaptive management over a range of climate projections. Future demand scenarios and locally prioritised adaptation measures are identified following a bottom–up approach through a participatory process with the relevant stakeholders and experts. The optimal combinations of adaptation measures are then selected using a hydro-economic model at basin scale for each climate projection. The resulting adaptation portfolios are, finally, climate checked to define a robust least-regret programme of measures based on trade-offs between adaptation costs and the reliability of supply for agricultural demands.This innovative approach has been applied to a Mediterranean basin, the Orb river basin (France). Mid-term climate projections, downscaled from 9 General Climate Models, are used to assess the uncertainty associated with climate projections. Demand evolution scenarios are developed to project agricultural and urban water demands on the 2030 time horizon. The results derived from the integration of the bottom–up and top–down approaches illustrate the sensitivity of the adaptation strategies to the climate projections, and provide an assessment of the trade-offs between the performance of the water resource system and the cost of the adaptation plan to inform local decision-making. The article contributes new methodological elements for the development of an integrated framework for decision-making under climate change uncertainty, advocating an interdisciplinary approach that bridges the gap between bottom–up and top–down approaches.     

采用USB2.0接口的数据采集系统

阐述了基于USB2.0总线的高速A/D数据采集系统的工作原理和结构,以及设备固件程序、应用程序的设计和实现.